Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili; Ardabil, Iran

2 Weed Science Researcher. Member of Young Researchers and Elite club, Islamic Azad University, Iran

3 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

4 University College of Omran and Tosseeh, Hamedan, Iran.

5 Professor, Department of Weed Research, Plant Pest and Disease Research Institute, Tehran, Iran

10.33945/SAMI/IJABBR.2020.1.5

Abstract

The current study evaluated the ill-effects of different doses of an herbicide i.e. Imazethapyr on the population density of some natural enemies such as ladybug, earwig and Carabid beetles. The experiment was carried out on weed-infested established alfalfa farms for the two consecutive growing seasons i.e. spring and summer during 2014–2015. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments and four replications. The results showed that heavy doses application of Imazethapyrhas badly affected lady beetle, earwig and carabid beetle population, until one week after spraying. Severe losses were observed as Incrementally with high doses of Imazethapyr; therefore, it is important not to exceed the recommended, standard dose (0.5 L/ha).

Keywords

Arnet, RH. (1973). The Beetles of the United States. Arbor Michigan, Am. Entomol., Inst., 1112 papers.
Borror, DJ, Triplehorn, CA, Johnson, NF. (1992). An Introduction to the study of insects. Sixth Edition. 875p. Saunders College bublishing.
Cooper, LP. (1992). Control of black field earwig, Nalalividipes (Dufour), in beetroot seedlings. Plant Protect. Quart., 7:112–113.
Costa, JT. (2006). The Other Insect Societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 812 pages.
Fox, TB, Landis, DA, Cardoso, FF, Difonzo, CD. (2004). Predators suppress Aphis glycines Matsumura population growth in soybean. Environ. Entomol., 33:608–618.
Gaetan du Chatenet (1986). Guide des Coleopteresd’Europe. 480p. DelachauxetNiestle.
Grimaldi, D, Engel, MS. (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York.
Günther, K, Herter, K. (1974). Ordnung Dermaptera (Ohrwürmer). In: Helmcke J-G, Starck D, Wermuth H (eds) Kükenthal’sHandbuch Der Zoologie, 2nd edn, Vol. 4, pt 2, pp 1–158. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York
Haas, F, Hwen, JTC, Tang, HB. (2012). New evidence on the mechanics of wing unfolding in Dermaptera. Arthropod Systemat. Phylog., 70:95–105.
Heap, I. (2012). International survey of herbicide resistance weeds. Online Internet. 10 May 2012. Availal.www.weedscience.com
Khanjani, M, Soleimanipari, MJ. (2005). Integrated pest management, diseases and weeds in alfalfa in Iran, publication of research, education and agricultural extension, First Edition, 222 p.
Kharboutli, MS, Mack, TP. (1993). Comparison of three methods for sampling arthropod pests and their natural enemies in peanut fields. J. Econom. Entomol., 86:1802–1810.
Koch, RL, Hutchinson, WD, Venette, RC, Heimpel, GE. (2003). Susceptibility of immature monarch butterXy, Danausplexippus(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to predation by Harmoniaaxyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biol. Control, 28:265–270.
Koch, RL. (2003). The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmoniaaxyridis: a review of its biology, uses in biological control, and non-target impacts. J. Insect Sci., 3:1–16.
Kromp, B. (1999). Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agricult. Eco. Environ., 74:187-228.
Kvoach, J, Petzoldt, C, Degil, J, Tette, J. (1992). A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides.
Levitan, L. (1997). An overview of pesticides impact assessment systems. Workshop on pesticide Risk Indicators. Copenhagen, Denmark. April, 21-23.
Lindroth, CH. (1974). Handbok for the identification of british insects (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Royal Entomol. Soc. London, 4(2):148 papers.
Lobl, I, Smetana, A. (2003). Catalogue of PalaearticColeoptra. Volume I. Archostemata-Myxophaga-Adephaga. Apollo Books, 819 papers.
Lovei, GL, Sunderland, KD. (1996). Ecology and behavior of ground beetls (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Ann. Rev. Entomol., 41:231-56.
Mighani, F, Mirvakili, A, Jahedi, MA, Baghestani, V, Shimi, P, (2011). Study of 2,4–DB (Botres) based Efficacy in Weed Control in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Iranian Journal of weed science, 2(6):67-77.
Morvan, P. (1974a). Contribution a la connaisssance des coleopteres Carabidae de l´Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 1(2):129-141.
Morvan, P. (1974b). Nouveaux coleopteres Carabiquesd’ Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 2(1):1-17
Morvan, P. (1974c). Nouveaux coleopteres Carabiquesd’ Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 1(2):143-156.
Morvan, P. (1976). Nouveaux coleopteres Carabiquesd’ Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 3(1,2):15-40
Morvan, P. (1977). Contribution a la connaisssance des coleopteres Carabidae de l´Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 4(1,2):21-60.
Morvan, P. (1981). Contribution a la connaisssance des coleopteres Carabidae de l´Iran. J. Entomol. Soc. Iran, 6(1,2):9-46.
Myhre, CD, Loeppky, HA, Stevenson, FC. (1998). Mon-37500 for weed control and alfalfa seed production. Weed Technol., 3:810-815.
Popham, EJ. (2000). The geographical distribution of the Dermaptera (Insecta) with reference to continental drift. J. Natural History, 34:2007–2027.
Prado, RD, Torres, LG. Jorrin, J. (1997). Weed and cop Resistance to Herbicide. Kluwer Academic Publisher.
Raoofi, M, Giti, S, Daneshian, J, Giti, S. (2013). Application of the flamethrower in the management of weeds in alfalfa and its effect on soil microphone. The Fifth Conference of weeds. Tehran University. September 2013.
Raoofi, M, Giti, S, Khanjani, M , Daneshian, J. (2013). Evaluating the efficiency of the combined use of the herbicides to control weeds in alfalfa and its impact on the environment. Environment conference. Technical University of ShahidMofateh, Hamadan.
Raoofi, M, Khanjani, M, Giti, S, Daneshian, J. (2013). Evaluating the efficiency of the flamethrower in weed management and pest control of Curculionidae in alfalfa fields. National conference on applied research in science and engineering. University of Takestan.
Raoofi, M, Giti, S, Atlasi Pak, V, Mahzari, S. (2013). Assess the effect of different herbicides along with cytogate on weed control Iranian bitter flixweed, sorrel, Salsify and dandelion in alfalfa. The second national conference on organic farming and conventional. The University of MohagheghArdabili.
Raoofi, M, Giti, S, Kalhornia, H. (2014). PC Gate and its role in protecting of the environment by reducing the use of chemical pesticides. The National Conference of specialized research environment. Technical University of ShahidMofateh, Hamedan.
Raoofi, M, Khanjani, M, Daneshian, J, Giti, S. (2014). Integrated Weed Management in Perennial Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and theirs effects on soil’s micro fauna. Int. J. Farm. All. Sci., 4:430-435.
Renz DCF, Kevan DKMcE (1991). Dermaptera. In: CSIRO Division of Entomology (ed.) The Insects of Australia, 2ndedn, pp 360–368. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
Sakai, S. (1982). A new proposed classification of the Dermaptera with special reference to the check-list of the Dermaptera of the world. Bull. Daito Bunka University, 20:1–108.
Sakai, S. (1985). Dermapterorum Catalogus XVI–XVIII: Iconographia I-III. Pygidicranidae and Diplatyidae. DaitoBunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1987a) Dermapterorum Catalogus XIX–XX: Iconographia IV–V. Chelisochidae and Anisolabididae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1990). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXI–XXII: Iconographia VI–VII. Labiduridae and Apachyidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1991). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIII: Iconographia VIII. Spongiphoridae I. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1992). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIV: Iconographia VIII. Spongiphoridae II. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1993). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXV: Iconographia IX. Spongiphoridae III. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1994). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVI: Iconographia X. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1995a). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVII: Iconographia XI. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1995b). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXVIII: Iconographia XII. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1995c). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXIX: Iconographia XIII. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University,Tokyo.
Sakai, S. (1995d). Dermapterorum Catalogus XXX: Iconographia XIV. Forficulidae. Daito Bunka University, Tokyo.Steinmann H (1986) Dermaptera. Catadermaptera I. Das Tierreich102, 1–343.
Steinmann, H. (1989a). Dermaptera. Catadermaptera II. Das Tierreich, 105:1–504.
Steinmann, H. (1989b). World Catalogue of Dermaptera. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Steinmann, H. (1990). Dermaptera. Eudermaptera I. Das Tierreich, 106:1–558.
Steinmann, H. (1993). Dermaptera. Eudermaptera II. Das Tierreich, 108:1–711.
Tedders, WL, Schaefer, PW, (1994). Release and establishment of Harmoniaaxyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the southeastern United States. Ent. New., 105:228–243.
Trautner, J. (1988). Tiger beetles, ground beetles: Illustrated key to the Cicindellidae and Carabidae of Europe. Unipub Pub. 488 papers.
Triplehorn, CA, Johnson, NF. (2005). Borror and Delong’s introduction to the study of insects. 7th Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, USA. 864 pages.
Zand, A, Baghestani, MA, Bitarafan, M, Shimi, P. (2007). Manual herbicides piet in Iran, Mashhad University Jihad Press, first edition, 48 pages.
Zand, E, Baghestani, MA. Nezamabadi, N, Shimi, P. (2010). A guide for herbicide in Iran. University Press Center (In Persian with English summary.