Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

3 Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aim of present study is investigating effect of treated lemon pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on protein and energy metabolism in goats was fed with this product. In this experiment 8 goats from raini breed were used for 21 days period; 16 days for adaptation and 5 days for sampling, to investigate the effect of processing lemon pulp by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on protein receivement, retention and excretion and also energy metabolism. Goats were put in metabolic cages equipped to separate urine and feces collection system and they were fed with a diet containing lemon pulp and alfalfa with 40:60 proportion in maintenance limit. Collected data were analyzed statistically as a completely randomized design. After processing lemon pulp crude protein was increased whereas crude fat and nitrogen free extract were decreased significantly (P< 0.05). Digestibility of treated lemon pulp´s crude protein was higher but digestibility of treated lemon pulp´s crude fat was lower (P< 0.05). Consumptive nitrogen, feces nitrogen and urinary nitrogen were increased significantly whereas nitrogen retention did not change significantly also creatinin and total urinary protein were increased significantly. But uremic nitrogen and total blood protein did not change. Entirely processing lemon pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast moreover increasing crude protein percent cause to increase digestive coefficient of lemon pulp´s protein.

Keywords

AFRC, 1993. Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Ammerman CB and PR Henry, 1991. Citrus and vegetable products for ruminant animals. In: Proceedings, Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle, St Louis, MO.
Ben-Ghedalia, D., E. Yosef, J. Miron, and Y. Est. 1989. The effect of starch-and pectin-rich diets on quantitative aspects of digestion in sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 24:289ñ298.
Coombe, J. B., D. E. Tribe, and J. W. C. Morrison. 1980. "Some experimental observations on the toxicity of urea to sheep." Aust. J. Agr. Res. 11:249.
Dadvar, P. O. Dayani, M. Morovat and J. gholami. 2011. Determination of in vitro digestibility of processed lemon pulp with Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. J. Microbial biotechnique. 2(6): 13-18. (in farsi).
Fegeros, K., G. Zervas, S. Stamouli, and E. Apostolaki. 1995. Nutritive value of Dried citrus pulp and effect on milk and milk composition of lactting ewes. J. Dairy Sci. 78: 1116-1121.
Gholizadeh, H. and A.A., Naserian. 2010. The effects of replacing dried citrus pulp with barley grain on the performance of Iranian saanen kids. J. Anim. And Vet. Adv.,15: 2053-2056.
Iranian Council of Animal Care, 1995: Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol. 1. IUT, Iran.
Kay R.N.B. (1969). Digestion of protein in the small intestines of adult ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 28:140-151.
Kayouli, C. and L. Stephen. 2000. Silage from by-products for small holders. In: Silage Making in the Tropics with Particular Emphasis on Small holders. FAO Plant Prod. and Prot. P: 161.
Madrid, J., Hern¥ andez, F., Pulgar, M.A., Cid, J.M., 1996. Dried lemon as energetic supplement of diet based urea-treated barley straw: effects on intake and digestibility in goats. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 63, 89ñ98.
Marin, F.R., Soler-Rivas, C., Benavente-Garcia, O., Castillo, J., Perez-Alvarez, J.A., 2007. By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibres. Food Chem. 100 (2), 736ñ741.
McDonald, P.; Greenhalalgh, J. F. D.; Morgan, C. A.; Edwards, R. A.; Sinclair, L.; Wilkinson, R., 2011: Animal Nutrition (7th ed.). USA: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Miron, J., E. Yosef, D. Ben- Ghedali and L. E. Chase, D. E. Bauman, and R. Solomon, 2002. Digestibility by dairy cows of monosaccharids costituents in total mixed rations containing citrus pulp. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 89-94.
Naparaju, P.L.N., Rintala, J.A., 2006. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of industrial orange waste. Environ. Technol. 27 (6), 623ñ633.
NRC, 1988. National Research Council: Nutrients Requirements of Dairy Cattle (6th Ed), National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Olomola, O. O., O. J. Babayemi and A. O. Akinsoyinu (2008). Performance characteristics and nitrogen utilization of pregnant west African Dwarf goats fed groundnut cake, urea and rumen epithelial wastes in cassava flour and citrus palp-based diets. Tropical and subtropical agroecosystems. 8:61-67.
OíMara, F.P., Coyle, J.E., Drennan, M.J., Young, P., Caffrey, P.J., 1999. A comparison of digestibility of some concentrate feed ingredients in cattle and sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 81, 167ñ174.
Pinzon, F. J. and J. M. Wing. 1976. Effect of citrus pulp in high urea rations for steers. J. Dairy Sci., 59: 1100-1103.
SAS, 2005. SASí Procedure Guide. Version 6.12 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Scerra, V., A. Caridi, F. Foti, and M. C. Sinatra. 1999. Influence of diry penicillium spp. On nutritent content of citrus fruit peel. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 78: 169-176.
Scerra, V., P. Caparr, F. Foti, M. Lanza, and A. Priolo. 2001. Citrus pulp and wheat straw silage as an ingrident in lamb diets: effect on growth and carcass and meat quality. Small Rum. Res.51: 51ñ56.
Shojaosadati S.A, Faraidouni R, Madadi-Nouei A. and Mohamadpour I., 1999. Protein enrichment of lignocellulosic substrates by solid state fermentation using Neurospora sitophila. Resourc. Conserv. and Recycl.
Tripodo, M.M., F. Lanuzza, G. Micali, R. Coppolino and F. Nucita. 2004. Citrus waiste recovery: a new environmentally friendly procedure to obtain animal feed. Bio.Tech. 91: 111-115.
Volanis, M., P. Zoiopoulos, K. Tzerakis. 2004. Effect of feeding sliced oranges to lactating dairy sheep. Small Rum. Res. 53: 15 ñ 21.
Waldo, D. R. 1968. Symposium: Nitrogen utllization by the ruminant. "Nitrogen metabolism in the ruminant." J. Dairy Sci . 51:265.
Wilkins, M.R., Widmer, W.W., Grohmann, K., 2007b. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochem. 42 (12):1614ñ1619.