Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 M.Sc. of Watershed management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, P. O. Box: 737, Sari, I.R.Iran
2 Assisstant professor, Department of Watershed management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, I.R.Iran
3 Assisstant professor, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Gorgan, I.R.Iran
Abstract
Forests are an important economic source for human and have key role in nutrient cycle, hydrology and ecosystem performance, any interference in this vital ecosystem causes to damage to forests. Mechanical logging and road construction in forest areas have led to much soil compaction. Soil physical and chemical properties were studied in parts of road and non-road in the Darabkola forest of Iran. To investigate the soil properties, sixty samples of the top soil (0–20 cm deep) in two parts of forest ground and forest road surface were collected by cylinder for physical and chemical analysis: forest ground (30 samples) and forest road surface (30 samples). Also, soil compaction and runoff production investigated in mentioned parts. Therefore, produced runoff volume due rainfall in two studied parts was measured in equal area after the natural rainfall. The results showed that there was significant difference among soil different properties rate and too produced runoff rate in two studied parts. Correlation matrix results in part of forest road indicated that there was significant negative and positive correlation between runoff and silt, clay, bulk density, lime and gravel, organic matter, PH, EC respectively and too in part of forest ground there was significant negative and positive correlation between runoff and moisture, clay, silt and gravel, organic matter, PH, EC respectively
Keywords
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Croke J., Hairsine P., and Fogarty P. (2001). Soil recovery from track construction and harvesting changes in surface infiltration, erosion and delivery rates with time. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 143, No. 1-3, pp. 3–12.
Demir M., Makineci E., and Yilmaz E. (2007). Investigation of timber harvesting impacts on herbaceous cover, forest floor and surface soil properties on skid road in an oak (Quercus petrea L.) stand. Building
and Environment, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 1194–1199.
James A. B., Ferreira N. J., and Graham J. (2004). Effects of near-surface environmental conditions on instability of an unsaturated soil slope. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp. 1111–1126.
James D. M. and McNeil R. (2006). Soil disturbance and hill slope sediment transport after logging of a severely burned site in Northeastern Oregon. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp.123–133.
Mahmoudzadeh A. (2007). Vegetation cover plays the most important role in soil erosion control. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 388–392.
Sui J., He Y. and Karney B. W. (2008). Flow and high sediment yield from the Huangfuchuan watershed. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 149–160.
Refahi, H. 2006. Water erosion control. Publication of Tehran Univ. 574 p. (in Persian)
Meyer, L.D., and Harmon, W.C., (1984). Susceptibility of Agricultural Soil to Interrill Erosion. Journal of Soil Science Society of America 48: 1152-1157.
Merzouk, A., and Blake, G.R., 1991. Indices for the estimation of inter rill erodibility of Moroccan soils. Catena 18: 537-550.
Martz, L.W., (1992). The variation of soil erodibility with slope position in a cultivated Canadian prairie landscape. Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. 17: 543-556.
Montgomery, D.R., (1994). Road surface drainage, channel initiation, and slope instability, Water Resource 30: 1925-1932.
Matangaran, J.R., and Kobayashi, H., (1999). The effect of tractor logging on forest soil compaction and growth of Shorea selanica seedlings in Indonesia. J. For. Res. 4: 13-15.
MacDonald, L.H., Sampson, R.W., and Anderson, D.M., (2001). Runoff and road erosion at the plot and road segment scales, ST John, Us Virgin Islands, Earth Surface Process Landforms 26: 251-272.
Martinez-Zavala, L., Jordán-López, A., and Bellinfante, N., (2008). Seasonal variability of runoff and soil loss on forest road backslopes under simulated rainfall. Catena 74: 73-79.
Norton, D., Shainberg, I., Cihacek, L., and Edwards, J.H., (1999). Erosion and soil chemical properties. Soil Water Conservation Society, 39-56 pp.
Naghdi, R., Bagheri, I., Lotfalian, M., and Setodeh, B., (2009). Rutting and soil displacement caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Asalem forest in northern of Iran). Journal of Forest Science 55(4):177–183. (In Persian)
Megahan, W.F., M.D., Wilson, S.B., Monsen, (2001). Erosion on steep, granitic roadcuts in Idaho. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(2):153-163.
Parsakhoo, A., S.A., Hosseini, M., Lotfalian, H., Jalilvand, (2009). Soil loss and displacement by heavy equipment in forest road subgrading projects, International Journal of Sediment Research, 24: 227-235 pp.
Reid, L. M., and Dunne, T. (1984). Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resour Res. 20:11.1753–61.
Hosseini, S.A., Omidvar, E., Naghavi, H. and Parsakhoo, A. (2012). Estimation of Sediment Yield from Forest Roads Using SEDMODL. J. of Wood & Forest Science and Technology 19(1): 23-41.
Kavian, A., Azmodeh, A., Soleimani, K. and Vahabzadeh, Gh. (2010). Effect of soil properties on runoff and soil erosion in forest lands. Journal of Range and Watershed Management (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources) 63(1): 89-104.
Larsen MC, Parks JE. (1997). How wide is a road? The association of roads and mass-wasting in a forested montane environment. Earth Surf Process Landf; 22: 835–48.
La Marche, J.L., Lettenmaier, D.P., (2001). Effects of forest roads on flood flows in the Deschutes River.
Washington. Earth Surf. Proc. Land 26: 115–134.
Sidle RC, Pearce AJ, O, Loughlin CL. (1985). Hillslope stability and land use. Water Resources Monograph Series No. 11. Washington DC: American Geophysical Union.
Parsakhoo, A., Lotfalian, M., Kavian, A., Hosseini, S.A. Demir, M. (2011). Prediction of the soil erosion
risk in a forest and sediment yield from road network through GIS and SEDMODL. International Journal of Sediment Research. Code No. 1131.
Ramos, M.C., Nacci, S., and Pal, I., (2000). Soil sealing and its influence on erosion rates for some soils in the Mediterranean area. Soil Sciences 165: 398-403.
Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and MacDonald, L.H., (2005). Measurement and prediction of sediment production from unpaved roads, St John, US Virgin Islands, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30:1283–1304.
Rumpel, C., Chabbi, A., Nunan, N., and Dignac, M.F., (2009). Impact of land use change on themolecular composition of soil organic matter. Journal of Analitical and Applied Pyrolysis 85: 431-434.
Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., (2010). Sediment production from unpaved roads in a sub-tropical dry setting Southwestern Puerto Rico. Catena 82: 146-158.
Siegrist, S., Schaub, D., Pfiffner, L., and Mader, P., 1998. Does organic agriculture reduce soil erodibility? The results of a long-term field study on loess in Switzerland. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 69: 253-264.
Santos, F.L., Reis, J.L., Martins, O.C., Castanheria, N.L., and Serralherio, R.P., 2003. Comparative assessment of infiltration, runoff and erosion of sprinkler irrigation soils. Biosystems Engineering 86(3):355-364.
Sowa, J., and Kulak, D., 2008. Probability of occurrence of soil disturbance during timber harvesting. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering 29(1): 29-39.
Sakai, H., Nordfjell, T., Suadicani, K., Talbot, B., and Bøllehuus, E., 2008. Soil compaction on forest soils from different kinds of tires and tracks and possibility of accurate estimate. Croatian Journal of
Forest Engineering 29(1): 15-27.
Shi, X.Z., Wang, K., Warner, E.D., Yu, D.S., Wang, H.J., Yang, R.W., Liang, Y., and Shi, D.M., 2008.
Relationship between soil erosion and distance to roadways in undeveloped areas of China. Catena 72: 305-313.
Vahabi, J., and Mahdian, M.H., 2008. Rainfall simulation for the study of the effects of efficient factors on runoff rate. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Center 95: 1439-1445.
Vahabi, J., and Nikkami, D., 2008. Assessing dominant factors affecting soil erosion using a portable rainfall simulator. International Journal of Sediment Research 23: 376-386.
Ward, T.J., and Bolton, S.M., 1991. Hydrology parameter for selected in Arizona and New Mexico as determined by rainfall Simulation. New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute. 19 p.
Wischmeier WH, Smith DD. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses[R]. USDA Agricultural Handbook, No 537, U.S. Govt. Print Office, Washington, DC. Sci. And Educ. 357, 58pp.
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