International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Six Pesticides, and Their Combinations to Control Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Egyptian Cotton Fields

Seham Mansour Ismail

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.48309/ijabbr.2023.2005659.1444

Abstract

Background: Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most economically devastating pests of cotton globally. Chemical control is the ... Read More

Recombinant CotA-Laccase from Bacillus Licheniformis: Characterization and Overexpression in Bacillus Subtilis WB600

Mohammad Karimli; Majid Moghbeli

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 16 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.48309/ijabbr.2023.2008084.1447

Abstract

Background: Laccases are a class of multi-copper oxidases that can catalyze the oxidation of various phenolic substrates while reduacing molecular oxygen to water. Although only a few ... Read More

Nano-biochar Production and its Characteristics: Overview

Umesh Pravin Dhuldhaj; Abdulbasit Shaikh; Jaya Puri

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 23 September 2023

https://doi.org/10.48309/ijabbr.2023.2006480.1445

Abstract

Nano-biochar is produced by the process of ball milling and pyrolysis has more significant application in comparison to biochar. Biochar are carbonaceous material which are generated ... Read More

Investigating the Expression Levels of Glutathione Peroxidase and Glutathione Reductase Genes in Mastectomies Women

Parmiss Adyani Kalvanagh; Yousef Adyani Kalvanagh

Volume 11, Issue 3 , July 2023, , Pages 115-126

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2023.1999566.1433

Abstract

Introduction: Important genes that may be expressed in women candidates for mastectomy due to breast cancer are important; The expression of these genes in these women can play an important ... Read More Introduction: Important genes that may be expressed in women candidates for mastectomy due to breast cancer are important; The expression of these genes in these women can play an important role in the treatment of these patients; The aim of this study was investigating the level of expression of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase genes in mastectomies women.Procedure: After cell culture, the cell suspension was planted in 96-well microplates and treated for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator at 37°C. In order to synthesize cDNA, extracted RNA molecules were used with the help of Fermentaz Revert Aid TM kit, produced in the United States.Results: The concentration of 500 micrograms of nanoparticles caused the death of more than 60% of MCF 7 cells (P< 0.001) while there was no significant difference in all concentrations of nanoparticles on the normal HEK293 cell line .Conclusion: The anti-tumor effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles were shown in increasing the expression of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line of mastectomy candidates.Introduction: Important genes that may be expressed in women candidates for mastectomy due to breast cancer are important; The expression of these genes in these women can play an important role in the treatment of these patients; The aim of this study was investigating the level of expression of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase genes in mastectomies women.Procedure: After cell culture, the cell suspension was planted in 96-well microplates and treated for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator at 37°C. In order to synthesize cDNA, extracted RNA molecules were used with the help of Fermentaz Revert Aid TM kit, produced in the United States.Results: The concentration of 500 micrograms of nanoparticles caused the death of more than 60% of MCF 7 cells (P< 0.001) while there was no significant difference in all concentrations of nanoparticles on the normal HEK293 cell line .Conclusion: The anti-tumor effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles were shown in increasing the expression of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase genes in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line of mastectomy candidates.

Effect of Methyl-Tertiary Butyl Ether on Body Weight Trend in Male Wistar Rats

Ahmad Ali Badr

Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2023, , Pages 10-15

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2023.1985984.1423

Abstract

Background: Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a chemical compound that has been added to gasoline to decrease environmental pollutants and increase motor combustion efficiency. Despite ... Read More

Effect of Addition Watermelon Rind Powder and Watermelon Seed Powder on the Rheological, Physiochemical, and Sensory Quality Attributes of Functional Diet Burger

Nahid Najafi; Alireza Rahman; Fatemeh Hosseinmardi

Volume 11, Issue 1 , March 2023, , Pages 16-24

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2023.1986186.1424

Abstract

Introduction: Watermelon seeds have many nutrients, and watermelon seeds are also rich in fatty acids, proteins and minerals. Recently, the role of dietary fiber on health and nutrition ... Read More

Change of Essential Oil Composition of Parsley in Exposure to Static Magnetic Field

Elham Rajabbeigi

Volume 10, Issue 4 , October 2022, , Pages 271-276

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.553310.1399

Abstract

ABSTRACTBackground: The composition of essential oil of plants is influenced by genetic and environmental conditions. Volatile oils extracted from traditional herbs are interesting ... Read More

Evaluating the Effect of Crocin on NRAS, KRAS, c-FOS, and c-JUN Genes Expressions in Lung Tissue of Cadmium-Treated Rats

Farzaneh Salmanzadeh Mehmandust Olia; Marziyeh Khandan; Solmaz Shahla; Nastaran Asghari Moghaddam

Volume 10, Issue 3 , July 2022, , Pages 185-193

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.551283.1391

Abstract

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant known to be toxic to lung tissue. Crocin is an active phytochemical of saffron with antioxidant properties. Because of this characteristic, ... Read More

Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Tissues ‎Using Four Plate Test Method

Najme Rezaee Moghaddam; Mahboob Nemati; Farzaneh Lotfipur

Volume 10, Issue 3 , July 2022, , Pages 194-201

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.549179.1384

Abstract

Background: Antibiotics are widely used in poultry industry for prevention and therapy purposes. Due to non-compliance withdrawal times and improper use of antibiotics, it is a major ... Read More

Production of X-Rays Using Charged Particles

Mohammad Reza Rezaie; Saeedeh Khezripour

Volume 10, Issue 3 , July 2022, , Pages 202-207

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.552391.1395

Abstract

Introduction: The charged particles emit electromagnet radiation due to the ionization and excitation of atoms while stopping in the environment. The energy spectrum and irradiation ... Read More

Determine Consequences of Delay in Referring to Hospital in ‎Patients with COVID-19 in Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital ‎of Ilam Province

Yousef Jamshidbeigi; Aliashraf‎ Mozafari; Amir Reza‎ Jamshidbeigi; GholamReza‎ Kalevandi ‎; Mohammadreza Kaffashian; Azra Kenarkoohi; Ali Nazari; Iraj Ahmadi

Volume 10, Issue 3 , July 2022, , Pages 219-228

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.556630.1406

Abstract

Background: COVID-19 is a systemic infection with a significant impact on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis. Infected subjects are at high risk for coagulation diseases such as ... Read More

Nitrofurans as Potent Antibacterial Agents: A ‎Systematic Review of Literature

Sepideh Rezaei; Sholeh Akbari; Farzad Rahmani; Sara Dabbaghi Varnousfaderani; Saeideh Gomroki; Emad Jafarzadeh

Volume 10, Issue 2 , April 2022, , Pages 126-138

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.549061.1383

Abstract

Introduction: Bacterial infection and the growing resistance of the bacteria to drugs is a global issue which challenges the health system. Therefore, the development of drugs with ... Read More

Malaria Prevalence Among Pregnant Women ‎Attending Kwadon Primary Health Care, Yamaltu-‎Deba Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria

Ismail Muhammad; Muhammad K.S.

Volume 10, Issue 2 , April 2022, , Pages 139-148

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.548976.1382

Abstract

Background: Malaria infection, particularly during pregnancy, is a major public health concern in Nigeria, and there is a scarcity of data on it prevalence and scope in many areas, ... Read More

Determining Molecular Markers Associated with Drug ‎Resistance in DHFR and DHPS genes of Plasmodium ‎Falciparum from Gombe L.G.A. Gombe State, Nigeria

Ismail Muhammad; Pukuma Micah Sale; Muhammad Khadija Salisu; Tanko Muhammad Mahmoud; Sarki Alhaji; Augustine Linda Midala; Enock Nuwanyada; Asher Rejoice; Izzatu Yau

Volume 10, Issue 2 , April 2022, , Pages 149-163

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.550156.1386

Abstract

Background: Malaria Chemoprevention depends on synthetic drugs, but the parasite is continuously developing resistance to the antimalarial armament, hence a consequential need for surveillance ... Read More

A study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zopf, 1883 (Mycobacteriaceae) in Iraq

Haidar Khalid Mostafa; Mohsen Hashim Risan; Mohammed Al-Faham

Volume 10, Issue 1 , February 2022, , Pages 1-17

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.534391.1362

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be one of the deadliest bacterial infections in the world and it can have a large impact on global health, drawing international attention ... Read More Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be one of the deadliest bacterial infections in the world and it can have a large impact on global health, drawing international attention with increasing number of cases worldwide in developed and developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the main causative agent of TB which is an aerobic pathogenic bacillus that establishes infection in the lungs. It is believed that two billion people are carrying non-eradicated intra-granulomatous Tuberculosis bacilli as LTBI (short for latent tuberculosis infection) and around 10% of those people will be infected with active tuberculosis during their lifetime. Therefore, this study aimed to study Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Iraq.Methods: All bacteriological tests were done in biological safety cabinet class II. Gloves and masks (N 95) were used during the laboratory work. Phenol 5% and ethanol alcohol 70% were used to sterilize and disinfect the benches and hood (IUATLD, 1996). Autoclave was used at 121 °C at 1.5 bar for 20-30 minutes for sterilizing all culture media. The study was conducted at National Reference Lab (NRL) of tuberculosis/Baghdad from July 2016 to December 2016. A total of 188 sputum samples were collected from suspected patient. In addition, 80 samples were collected from healthy subjects Specimens were amassed within the outdoor and as away as feasible from different human beings. Each subject was advised to inhale deeply 2-3 instances, cough out deep from the chest and spit the sputum into sterile prevalent container. We needed to ensure that the specimen was of enough extent (3 to 5 mL) and that it incorporated strong or purulent material. Two samples were gathered from the subject. The first was taken when they reached the institute and the second was taken early morning, earlier than breakfast. The early morning collection represents the pulmonary secretions accrued in a single day, and consequently it typically has a better positivity. Gathered specimens were stored at –20 °C until use.Results: Totally, 118 Tuberculosis suspected samples were used throughout this study; 103 (54.78%) cases were positive using direct assay (AFB smear microscopy) and 85 (45.21%) were negative cases. From the 103 TB patients, 88 (85.43%) represented as new TB cases; the others 15 (14.57%) patients appeared to follow up assessment of the directly observed treatment (DOT) program. The percentage of infected patients was 73 (70.87%) for males to 30 (29.12 %) for females, with over all male to female ratio of 2.43 (73/30) with a highly significant difference (P≤0.01). The age of the study patients ranged from 14 years to 75 years. The mean age was 36 and the median was 30 with highly significant difference between age group. As in many developing countries, direct sputum microscopy is the widely used method for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in Iraq. Only 103 from 188 patients (suspected) were positive by using ZN smears (Ziehl-Neelsen stain technique). This study for those 188 suspected showed that 119 (63.29%) cases were positive by culture (Lowenstein–Jensen medium) and 69 (36.7%) cases were negative by L.J Culture. This study showed that the percentage of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value was 74.78%, 79.7%, 86.4% and 64.7%, respectively, using AFB method. The results revealed out of the total 188 specimens, 49 (26.06%) of the specimens were positive by DiaSpot (Tuberculosis Rapid Test on serum) and 139 (73.93%) specimens were negative. This study reported the sensitivity of 33.6% and the specificity of 86.95 % PPV 81.6 and NPV 43.16 for DiaSpot TB Rapid test.Conclusion: Males aged 15 to 45 years are at high risk for TB infection. M. tuberculosis plays a major role for causing tuberculosis in human in Baghdad.

Biochemical Characteristics and Antibiotics Susceptibility of Streptococcus Mutans Isolates from Dental Caries in Baghdad City

Aya Raad Salh; Mohsen Hashim Risan; Hameed Majeed Jasim

Volume 10, Issue 1 , February 2022, , Pages 32-43

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2022.534492.1363

Abstract

Background: Genus Streptococcus comprises important pathogens that have a severe impact on human health. According to the classification in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, ... Read More Background: Genus Streptococcus comprises important pathogens that have a severe impact on human health. According to the classification in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, the genus Streptococcus includes the pyogenic, oral and anaerobic groups of streptococci, as well as a group of other streptococci. S. mutans is a Gram-positive bacterium, which plays a key role in the formation of the dental plaque biofilm as an early coloniser and is the most important bacterium in the formation of dental caries. S. mutans do not have flagella, but do have pili and are non-motile facultative anaerobes that grow optimally at 37 °C. Methods: Eighty samples were collected from patients with different dental caries (pit, fissure and dental roots). The patients had referred to Al-dora Health center and Al-Zewiya Health center in Baghdad city. Bacterial isolates obtained from dental caries samples were streaked on selective medium (Mitis Salivaris Agar) for isolation of S. mutans, then the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours under anaerobic conditions. Bacterial isolates were identified according to their morphological and cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. The disk diffusion method was used to test the antibiotic susceptibility of the selected isolate to different antibiotics. A sterile cotton swab was dipped in fresh culture of S. mutans and streaked on the surface of Muller-Hinton agar plates by rotating the plate approximately 60 between streaking to ensure even distribution. The inoculated plates were incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes to allow absorption of excess moisture, then antibiotic disks were fixed by sterile forceps on the surface of plates and incubated at 37 °C for 18 hrs.Results: Totally, 98 bacterial isolates were obtained. The results indicated that antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the locally isolated S. mutans S2 was resistant to two antibiotics (bacitracin and erythromycin), while it was sensitive to the other eight antibiotics, consisting amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, clindamycin, imipenem, gentamycin and cephalothin.Conclusion: Locally isolated S. mutans S2 was sensitive to different antibiotics, while it resisted only against bacitracin and erythromycin.

Preparation and Study of Physical Properties of Zein Based Composite Films as Food Coatings

Soheil Kianirad; Zahra Beagom Mokhtari-Hosseini; Ashrafalsadat Hatamian-Zaremi; Moein Sarsangi; Sajad Afshar-Yegane; Rasool Setareyi; Ayat Azizi-Alavijeh; Mozhdeh Haddadi

Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 320-330

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.522968.1342

Abstract

Background: Demand for degradable and biocompatible polymers is rapidly increasing, especially in the food packaging sector where it is highly encouraged by environmental management ... Read More

Screening of bacteria Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943 (Streptomycetaceae) Isolates from Soil Samples in Iraq

Bassam Qasim; Mohsen Hashim Risan

Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 340-351

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.534456.1364

Abstract

Background: The genus Streptomyces Waksman & Henrici 1943 includes aerobic, gram-positive, and filamentous bacteria which produce well developed vegetative hyphae with branches. ... Read More Background: The genus Streptomyces Waksman & Henrici 1943 includes aerobic, gram-positive, and filamentous bacteria which produce well developed vegetative hyphae with branches. The wall consists of a large mixture of different compounds, including peptidoglycan, teichuronic acid, teichoic, and polysaccharides. The peptidoglycan components consist of glycan as a chains of irregular N-acetyl- d-muramic acid (NAM), diaminopimelic acid, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and DAP, which is unique in the cell walls of prokaryotic microorganisms. The teichoic and teichuronic acid are chemically bonded to peptidoglycan.Methods: One gram of soil samples was used to make suspension, by adding 99 mL of sterile distilled water (stock suspension) into it and shaking it in a shaker at 160 rpm for 30 minutes at room temperature. Serial dilutions from 0.1-0.001 were made from the stock suspension, and left for 10 minutes. After shaking, 0.1 mL of each dilution was cultured on Yeast Extract and Malt Extract agar (YEME) with Streptomycin 50 ug/mL. The inoculated plates were incubated at 28 °C for 7 to 10 days. Based on cultural characteristics, suspected colonies of Streptomyces were selected, which are characterized as small, white, pin-point, rough, chalky, and a clear zone of inhibition around them. These colonies were confirmed their identification by types of Gram’s stain, aerial and substrate mycelium color, pigment production, and pigment color. Streptomyces were re-streaked on International Streptomyces project (ISP) to obtain pure colonies used for identification. Results: The current study aimed to screen bacteria Streptomyces isolates. Only 21 samples of soil were suspected to contain Streptomyces, and 45 isolates were obtained with different morphology types per samples of soil. The colonies suspects were selected basis on color that ranged from gray, white and creamy. The microscopic examination of local Streptomyces spp. after Gram-staining method was conducted. The observations revealed that local Streptomyces is gram positive and rod shaped similar to features of fungal in possessing branched mycelium. The Streptomyces produced extra cellular enzymes like amylase, urease, catalase, protease, Gelatinase, cellulase and phosphatase. Utilization of citrate was positive, with no Melanine reaction production and soluble pigmented, and negative for indole production.Conclusion: The identification of the Streptomyces is a very complex process. Morphological and biochemical characteristics are two important aspects for the classification in the Streptomycetaceae family. By studying the morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics, it is observed that the local isolates are belonging to the genus of Streptomyces.

Evaluation of Relationship between Vitamin D Supplementation Treatment and Hypercalciuria in Patients with Kidney Stones

Elham Javadian; Ali Alidadi; Mahmoud Ali Kaykhaei

Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 352-361

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.537924.1366

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D, especially calcitriol (its active metabolite), increases gastrointestinal calcium absorption. Because urinary calcium excretion is associated with calcium absorption ... Read More

Factors Affecting Level of Knowledge on Hepatitis C among Young Couples before Marriage: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aida Moarrefzadeh; Ali Delpisheh; Arash Sarveazad; Jebreil Shamseddin; Mansour Bhardoust

Volume 9, Issue 4 , December 2021, , Pages 362-371

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.538010.1367

Abstract

Background: Despite the great importance of public knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis c virus (HCV), very few studies have been conducted in this field in ... Read More Background: Despite the great importance of public knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis c virus (HCV), very few studies have been conducted in this field in Iran. Therefore, the present study determined the factors affecting the knowledge of young couples before marriage in relation to HCV.Methods: During this cross-sectional study, 1501 couples were assessed, out of which 1110 (73.9%) couples entered the study. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data. In this questionnaire, first, the demographic characteristics of the participants such as age, gender, level of education, daily extracurricular study, and hours of mass media use were collected, followed by the main items of the study. After data gathering, they were analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistical Software Version 22. Univariate analysis was used to examine the relationship between factors related to the knowledge, and multivariate analysis was used to estimate the related factors.Results: The total score of knowledge about hepatitis C was 0.49 ± 0.29. The total knowledge score for hepatitis C symptoms was 0.27± 0.19. The total score of knowledge about hepatitis C transmission routes was 0.34±0.28. The univariate analysis showed that age, level of education, history of hepatitis in a first degree relative of the family, and social networks were significantly associated with the rate of knowledge about hepatitis C (p <0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that females [(B: 2.11), CI 95% (1.07_3.25), p: 0.014)], higher education level [(B: 4.01), CI 95% (1.98_6 .33), p: 0.014)], history of hepatitis in a first degree relative of the family [(B: 3.56), 95% CI (1.46_5.69), p: 0.011)] and use of social networks [ (B: 2.77), CI 95% (1.11_4.48), p: 0.014)] were significantly associated with the rate of knowledge about HCV.Conclusion: Compared with other studies in this field, the level of knowledge about hepatitis C among young couples in Iran is alarmingly low. In health policies related to hepatitis C, more attention should be paid to the population of men, people with less than a bachelor's degree.

TCF7L2 Polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetes, Insight from HRM and ARMS Techniques

hamideh khajeh; Abbas Bahari; Ahmad Rashki

Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 204-214

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.525681.1351

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes is a biological problem of life in a new way in human societies, especially in developing countries. Environmental and genetic factors are mutually influential ... Read More

Psidium Guajava Leaves Ameliorates Mercuric Chloride Induced Neurodegeneration in the Cerebral Cortex of Adult Male Wistar Rats

Joy Ochai; Samuel Sunday Adebisi; Augustine Oseloka Ibegbu

Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 214-227

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.523093.1348

Abstract

Background: The protective activity exerted by Psidium guajava on the nervous system has been suggested to be via its antioxidant composition; however, its role in mercury-induced neurotoxicity ... Read More

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Rhazya Stricta (Apocynaceae) Extract Prepared with Different Solvents on Staphylococcus Aureus (Staphylococcaceae) Isolated from Humans

Maryam Beigomi; Laleh Shahraki-Mojahed; Batool Heydari-Sadegh; Narjes Dahmardeh; Reza Rouhani; Fereshteh Javadian

Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 241-253

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.528883.1357

Abstract

Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the first major concern in the 1960s, has reappeared worldwide over the past 20 years. Because these bacteria are not resistant to ... Read More Introduction: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the first major concern in the 1960s, has reappeared worldwide over the past 20 years. Because these bacteria are not resistant to various conventional therapies, the medicinal and herbal plants used in different countries should be evaluated for their therapeutic potential. These valuable biological resources are a repository of complex active molecules. Therefore, in this study, we tried to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans.Methods: Rhazya stricta was collected and their species were identified in the botanical laboratory of University of Zabol. To prepare plant extract, 40 g of dried leaves were used in 400 cc of solvent (aqueous, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hydro-alcoholic). The various strains of Staphylococcus aureus used in this study were isolated from the human nose and identified by biochemical, bacteriological and growth tests as well as standard tests. Antimicrobial effects were investigated by well diffusion method in Müller Hinton agar medium. Statistix ver10 software was used for statistical calculations. Mean comparison was performed using the LSD at the level of one percent and Excel software was also used to draw the shapes.Results: Rhazya stricta extracts had different inhibitory zone diameters against Staphylococcus aureus at 100 ppm dilution (p <0.01). R. stricta ethanolic extract had the greatest effect (average 8.3 mm) on inhibiting the growth of 6 strains of S. aureus. Then aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts with an average of 7 mm were in the next ranks. The ethyl acetate extract had the lowest effect on the inhibition of S. aureus. The lowest MIC of R. stricta ethanolic extract against S. aureus samples was 3.1 ppm, which was inhibited by four strains. The lowest MBC was 6.2 ppm.Conclusion: Considering the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotics as well as the potential effect of ethanolic extract of Rhazya stricta on Staphylococcus aureus, it is recommended to use ethanol solvent to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of R. stricta.

Candida Berkh. (1923) Species and Their Important Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases (SAP) Genes Isolated from Diabetic Patients

Thamer A Muhsen; Mohsen Hashim Risan; Nawras N Alqaysi

Volume 9, Issue 3 , September 2021, , Pages 286-297

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.534165.1361

Abstract

Background: Candida Berkh. (1923) occurs naturally in the body. But it becomes opportunistic fungi, meaning that it infects humans when there is any weakening of the immune system, ... Read More Background: Candida Berkh. (1923) occurs naturally in the body. But it becomes opportunistic fungi, meaning that it infects humans when there is any weakening of the immune system, such as exposure to chemotherapy, diabetes, or organ transplantation. Most species of Candida grow at a temperature between 20-40 °C and have a pH of 3-8. Human pathogens of Candida species include C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and C. utili. C. albicans has many virulence factors that facilitate injury process. Virulence factors are considered as a measure of pathogenicity, and it is in the form of fungal toxins, enzymes, or cell structures that facilitate infection, as well as pathogen resistance in different conditions. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of some secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP) genes from some Candida species isolated from diabetic patientsMethods: Candida spp. were identified on CHROMagar medium by color of each species after incubation at 37 °C for 48 hours such as: C. krusei, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis. Germ tube formation test was used to distinguish between germ tube-forming species, such as C. albicans and C. dubliniensis , from those that do not produce germ tube. A portion of the isolation was taken and placed in a test tube containing 0.5 ml of serum, and then incubated at 37 °C for 2-4 hours. A drop of serum was taken out and examined under a microscope for the presence of the germ tube. Growth at 45 °C, has the advantage of distinguishing between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis by culturing Candida spp. on SDA medium and, incubation for 48-72 hours at 45 °C.Results: The results of isolation and diagnosis showed that Candida species grew at 37 °C for 48 hours on SDA medium, the shape of the colonies was round or oval-convex, and creamy white, shiny and smooth color. The results of the microscopic examination of the cells were spherical or oval, C. albicans was distinguished by its ability to grow at 45 °C and its ability to form the germ tube. The surface growth test showed the ability of C. tropicalis to grow surface on SDB medium. The medium of CHROMagar showed that C. albicans were light green in color. C. glabrata showed a pale pink color, while C. tropecalis showed a blue color and C. dublineiensis was dark green. DNA extracted samples, including 20 isolates, were used for four species of Candida, 1-9 C. albicans, 10-16 C. glabrata, 17-18 C. dubliniensis and 19-20 C. tropicalis. Parts of the body (mouth, vagina, Urine) detect SAP1 and SAP7 genes by PCR, and after electrophoresis of the PCR product, the results were positive for all Candida species studied as all isolates that contained SAP1 (578bp) and SAP7 (466bp).Conclusion: The SAP genes are among the main virulence factors for the occurrence of candidiasis. SAP1 and SAP7 genes are responsible for digesting and breaking down protein to penetrate the host's tissues.

Nanoencapsulation of Phthalate from Melastomastrum Capitatum (Fern.) in Chitosan-Nps as a Target Mediated Drug Delivery for Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen

Cletus Anes Ukwubile; Emmanuel Oise Ikpefan; Otalu Otalu; Salihu Njidda; Alexander Ezekiel Angyu; Nnamdi D. Menkiti

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2021, , Pages 160-180

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijabbr.2021.241725

Abstract

Background: Chitosan nanoparticle (chitosan-NPs) is a polymer obtained from the exoskeletons of crustaceans, and has been applied recently as a carrier for many drug agents. Multi-drug ... Read More

Volume 11 (2023)

Volume 10 (2022)

Volume 9 (2021)

Volume 8 (2020)

Volume 7 (2019)

Volume 6 (2018)

Volume 5 (2017)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2014)

Volume 1 (2013)

Main Subjects = Biomedical Sciences

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