Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia

10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.2

Abstract

The level of dental and oral hygiene on elementary school age children is very low, so it can be increasing the incidence of dental and oral diseases which caused by various microorganisms. Moutwash can keep dental and oral hygiene, but many commercial mouthwash is still used alcohol as their ingredients, which can be giving side effects, therefore, we still needed used alternative mouthwash, which made from nano chitosan and nano calcium, derived from nature Xylotrupes gideon. This is a experimental study with pre and post test control group design using total plate count method. Total is 27 subjects, aged 9 years. Processing data is done by statistical test Chi Square, and one way ANOVA with software of SPSS 23. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of nano chitosan and nano calcium-based mouthwash formulations on lowering quantity of oral bacteria colonies among elementary schools children age. Measurement results the quantity of bacteria suggested that decreased of bacteria colonies before and after gargle, on negative control 30%-73%, positive control 33%-100%, the 250ppm concentration is 95% -100%, 500 ppm and 750 ppm concentration is 100%. Nanoparticles of chitosan and calcium-based mouthwash formulation from X. gideon has the ability to reduce oral bacterial colonies quantity among elementary school age children. More high concentrations of mouthwash formulations which are used more low quantity of oral bacteria colonies.

Keywords

Bansal, V., Sharma, P.K., Sharma, N., Pal, P.O., Malviya, R., 2011. Applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives in drug delivery. Adv. Biol. Res., 5(1), 28-37.
Batabyal, B., Chakraborty, S., Biswas, S., 2012. Role of the oral micro flora in human population: A brief review. Int. J. Pharm. Life. Sci., 3(12), 2220-2227.
Brigger, I., Dubernet, C., Couvreur, P., 2002. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., 54, 631-651.
Cheung, R.C.F., Ng, T.B., Wong, J.H., Chan, W.Y., 2015. Chitosan: An update on potential. Mar., Drugs 2015, 13, 5156-5186.
Davis, G., 2001. The coconut Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinocheos) with articular reference to the palau islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Buletin, 212, 267-304.
Dorout, I.A., 2014. Oral bacterial interactions in periodontal health and disease. J. Dent. Oral. Hyg., 6(5), 51-57.
Farah, C.S., Mc lntosh, L., Mc Cullough, M.J., 2009. Mouthwashes. Australian Prescriber, 31(6), 162-164.
Goy, R.C., De Britto, D., Assis, O.B.G., 2009. A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímer. Sci. Tecnol., 19(3), 241-247.
Joshi, N., Rajesh, R., Sunitha, M., 2005. Prevalence of dental caries among school children in Kulasekharam village: Acorrelated prevalence survey. J. India Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent., 138-40.
Khan, N.B., Al Ghannam, N.A., Al Shammery, A.R., Wyne, A.H., 2001. Caries in primary school children: Prevalence, severity and pattern in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Saudi. Dent. J., 13(2), 71-74.
Klais, P.K., Mandar, M., Leibur, E., Marcotte, E., Hammarstrom, L., Mikelsaar, M., 2005. Oral Lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: Species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral. Microbiol. Immunol., 20, 354–361.
Komariah, A., Astuti, L., 2012. Preparation and characterization of chitin contained in the exoskeletons of beetles Rhinoceros Beetle (Xylotrupes gideon L) and infestation of rice (Sitophilus oryzae L). Proceedings National Seminar of Biology  IX. Faculty of Biology UNS, 648-654.
Law, V., Seow, W.K., Townsend, G., 2007. Factors influencing oral colonization of mutans streptococci in young children. Aust. Dent. J., 52(2), 93-100.
Liu, G., Tang, C.M., Exley, R.M., 2012. Non-pathogenic Neisseria: Members of an abundant, multi-habitat, diverse genus. Microbiol., 161, 1297–1312.
Majumdar, S., Singh, A.B., 2014. Normal microbial flora of oral cavity. J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res., 2(4), 62-66.
Mashima, I., Fujita, M., Nakatsuka, Y., Kado, T., Furuichi, Y., Herastuti, S., Nakazawa, F., 2015. The distribution and frequency of oral veillonella spp. associated with chronic periodontitis. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4(3), 150-160.
Mirhashemi, A.H., Bahador, A., Kassaee, M.Z., Daryakenari, G., Akhoundi, A.M., Sodagar, A., 2013. Antimicrobial effect of nano-zinc oxide and nano-chitosan particles in dental composite used in orthodontics. J. Med. Bacteriol., 2(3), 1-10.
Notohartojo, I.T., Andayasari, L., 2013. Values of dental hygiene pulogadung industrial employees in Jakarta. Health Systems Research Bulletin, 16(2), 168–175.
Ogata, B., Trahms, C., 2003. Nutrition and oral health for children. Nutrition Focus, 18(6), 1-10.
Puvvada, S., Vankayalapati, S., Sukhavasi, S., 2012. Extraction of chitin from chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the pharmaceutical industry. Int. Curr. Pharmaceut. J., 1(9), 258-263.
Sampakang, T., Paulina, N., Gunawan, J., 2015. Oral hygiene status of children aged 9-11 years and brushing the night before going to bed at SDN Melonguane. J. e-GiGi (eG), 3(1), 1-4.
Sarmento, B., Ribeiro, A., Veiga, F., Ferreira, D., Neufeld, R., 2007. Oral bioavailability of insulin contained in polysaccharide nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules, 8, 3054-3060.
Scannapieco, F.A., 1997. Saliva-bacterium interactions in oral microbial ecology. Crit. Rev. Oral. Biol. Med., 5(4), 203-248.
Schaeffer, L.M., Szewczyk, G., Nesta, J., Mark, V., Du-Thumm, L., Williams, I., Arvanitidou, E., 2011. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes. Clin. Dent., 22, 183–186.
Stern, S.T., McNeil, S.C., 2008. Nanotechnology safety concerns revisited. Toxilogical. Sci., 101(1), 4-21.
Sun, K., Li, Z.H., 2013. Preparations, properties and applications of chitosan based nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning. Express Polymer Letters, 5(4), 342–361.
Tiyaboonchai, W., 2003. Chitosan nanoparticles: A promising system for drug delivery. Naresuan. Univ. J., 11(3), 51-66.
Yah, C.S., Iyuke, S.E., Simate, G.S., 2012. Nanoparticles toxicity and their routes of exposures. Iran. J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 25, 477-491.
Yamaguchi, M., Terao, Y., Ogawa, T., Takahashi, T., Hamada, S., Kawabata, S., 2006. Role of Streptococcus sanguinis sortase in bacterial colonization. Microbes and Infection, 8, 2791-2796.
Yogeshkumar, G., Atul, G., Adhikrao, Y., 2013. Chitosan and Its applications: A review of literature. Int. J. Res. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Sci., 4(1), 312-333.
Zhu, L., Petersen, P.E., Wang, H.Y., Bian, J.Y., Zhang, B.X., 2005. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of adults in China. Int. Dent. J., 55, 231–241.