Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 M.Sc. Student of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.6.9
Abstract
To evaluate the inoculation effect of potassium releasing, phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen fixing bacteria on the fruit quality of tomato, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 3 replications has been conducted. In this experiment, tomato (super chief cv.) seedlings of the in the treasury cultivation with single and combined treatments of the potassium releasing bacteria (KSB: Pseudomonas sp. S19-1, Pseudomonas sp. S14-3), phosphate solubilizing (PSB: P. putida Tabriz, P. fluorescens Tabriz) and nitrogen fixing (NFB: Azospirillum sp. Acu9, Azotobacter sp.), in the nursery cultivation. In addition, a control treatment without inoculation of bacteria (negative control) and a complete fertilized treatment based on the soil test analysis (positive control) were included to compare the results. The results showed that inoculation with bacteria had significant effect on average fruit weight, fruit length, number of total fruits, the percentage of marketable fruit, and the percentage of BER incidence and Potassium content of fruit. The highest number of total fruits was obtained in the PSB treatment. The highest average fruit weight, Potassium content of fruit, the percentage of marketable fruit, fruit length were observed in KSB treatment with values of 54/11g, 4.7 mg/g, 56.71 percent and 51 cm respectively. The lowest percentage of BER incidence was observed in KSB with values of 6.24 percent.
Keywords
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Aslantaş, R., Çakmakçi, R., Sahin, F., 2007. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions. Sci. Hort., 111, 371-377.
Badr, M.A., 2006. Efficiency of K-feldspar combined with organic materials and silicate dissolving bacteria on tomato yield. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2, 1191-1198.
Barker, A.V., Ready, K.M., 1994. Ethylene evolution by tomatoes stressed by ammonium nutrition. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 119, 706-710.
Bernard, J.Z., Kocialkowski, W., Grzebisz, W., 2006. Evaluation of potassium quantity intensity parameter of selected polish agriculture soils. J. Polish. Agr. Univ. Agron., 9(40), 67-72.
Brown, M.E., 1974. Seed and root bacterization. Ann. Rev. Phytopatliol., 12, 181-197.
Bryson, G.M., Barker, A.V., 2002. Determination of optimal fertilizer concentration range for tomatoes. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal., 33, 759-777.
Cakmaci, R., Akmakc, I.A., Figen, B., Adil, A., Fikrettin, S., Ahin, B.C., 2005. Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Biochem., 38, 1482-1487.
Cakmakci, R., Donmez, F., Aydın, A., Sahin, F., 2006. Growth promoting of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil. Biol. Biochem., 38, 1482-1487.
Caretto, S., Parente, A., Serio, F., Santamaria, P., 2008. Influence of potassium and genotype on vitamin E content and reducing sugar of tomato fruits. Hort. Sci., 43(7), 2048–2051.
Cavaglieri, L.R., Passone, A., Etcheverry, M.G., 2004. Correlation between screening procedures to select root endophytes for biological control of Fusarium verticillioides in Zea mays. Biol. Contr., 31, 259-262.
Chakraborty, U., Chakraborty, B., Basnet, M., 2006. Plant growth promotion and induction of resistance in Camellia sinensis by Bacillus megaterium. Journal of Basic Microbiology (JBM) cyclic nucleotids. J. Plant. Physiol., 127,
1617-1625.
Chapagain, B.P., Wiesman, Z., 2004. Effect of potassium magnesium chloride in the fertigation solution as partial source of potassium on growth, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato. Sci. Hort., 99, 279-288.
Egamberberdiyeva, D., Hoflich, G., 2003. Influence of growth- promoting bacteria on the growth of wheat in different soils and temperatures. Soil. Biol. Biochem., 35, 973-978.
El-Bassiony, A.M., Fawzy, Z.F., Abd El-Samad, E.H., Riad, G.S., 2010. Growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by potassium fertilization. J. Am. Sci., 6(12).
Esitken, A., Karlidag, H., Ercisli, S., Turan, M., Sahin, F., 2003. The effect of spraying a growth promoting bacterium on the yield, growth and nutrient element composition of leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv.
Hacihaliloglu). Aust. J. Agr. Res., 54, 377-380.
Fawzy, Z.F., Behairy, A.G., Shehata, S.A., 2005. Effect of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum, L.). Egypt. J. Agr. Res., 2(2), 599-610.
Fawzy, Z.F., El-Nemr, M.A., Saleh, S.A., 2007. Influence of levels and methods of potassium fertilizer application on growth and yield of eggplant. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1), 42-49.
Franco, J.A., Perez-Saura, P.J., Fernandez, J.A., Parra, M., Garcia, A.L., 1999. Effect of two irrigation rates on yield, incidence of blossom-end rot, mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip
irrigation using saline water. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 74, 430-435.
Gent, P.P.N., 2004. Effect of nitrogen and potassium supply on yield and tissue composition of greenhouse tomato. Acta. Hort., 644, 369–375.
Griffe, P., Metha, S., Shankar, D., 2003. Organic production of medicinal, aromatic and dye yielding plants (MADPs): forward, preface and introduction. Food. Agr. Organ., 2, 52-63.
Gupta, C.R., Sengar, S.S., 2000. Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to nitrogen and potassium fertilization in acidic soil of Bastar. Veg. Sci., 27(1), 94-95.
Han, H.S., Supanjani, K., Lee, D., 2004. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Agron. J., 24, 169-176.
Han, H.S., Supanjani, Lee, K.D., 2006. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant. Soil. Environ., 52, 130-136.
Hariprakasha, R.M., Subramanian, T.R., 1991. Effect of potassium application on the yield and content of K, Ca and Mg in cabbage, okra, tomato and beetroot. J. Potash. Res., 7(3), 190–197.
Hegde, D., Dwived, M., Sudhakara, B.S., 1999. Biofertilizers for cereal production in India-A review. India. J. Agr. Sci., 69, 73-83.
Heinrichs, D.E., Rahn, A., Dale, S.E., Sebulsky, M.T., 2004. Iron transport systems in pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Bacillus. 387-401. In: crosa JH, Mey AR and payne SM, (eds.) Iron
Transport in Bacteria. American Society of Agronomy. Wisconsin, DC. Hort., 731, 115-120.
Igual, J.M., Rodriguez-Barrueco, C., 2002. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants for agriculture. In: The proceeding of the first international meeting on microbial posphate solubilizing, 16-19 July, Salamanca, Spain.
Imas, P., Bansal, S.K., 1999. Potassium and integrated nutrient management in potato. Presented at the global conference on potato, Dec., 6-11, New Delhi, India.
Karla, A., 2003. Organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. A hope for sustainability and quality enhancement. J. Organic. Prod. Medicinal Aromatic Dye Yielding Plants (MADPS). FAO.
Kloepper, J.W., Reddy, M.S., Rodríguez-Kabana, R., Kenney, D.S., Kokalis-Burelle, N., Martinez-Ochoa, N., Vavrina, C.S., 2004. Application for rhizobacteria in transplant production and yield enhancement. Acta. Hort., 631,217–229.
Kotan, R., Sahin, F., Demirci, E., Ozbek, A., Eken, C., Miller, S.A., 1999. Evaluation of antagonistic bacteria for biological control of Fusarium dry rot of potato. Phytopathol., 89, 41.
Kumar, V., Singh, K.P., 2001. Enriching vermicompost by nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Bioresour. Technol., 76(2), 173-175.
Lester, G.E., Jifon, J.L., Makus, D.J., 2006. Supplemental foliar potassium applications with or without a surfactant can enhance netted muskmelon quality. Hort. Sci., 41(3), 741-744.
Peyman Sheikhalipour et al. / International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research (2016) 4(2)
179-187
187
Lester, G.E., Jifon, J.L., Rogers, G., 2005. Impact of potassium nutrition on food quality of fruits and vegetable. J.
Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 130(1), 649- 653.
Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd ed. Acedemic Press, London.
Murray, S.A., Spurr, A.R., Paulson, K.N., 1972. Electron probe analysis of Ca, Mg, and K in the fruit of the tomato,
Lycopersicon esculentum, with reference to blossom-end rot. Agron. J., 64, 586-588.
Nassar, H.H., Barakat, M.A., El-Masry, T.A., Osman, A.S., 2001. Effect of potassium fertilization and paclobutrazol
foliar application on vegetative growth and chemical composition of sweet pepper. Egypt. J. Hort., 28(1), 113-
129.
Orhan, E., Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Turan, M., Sahin, F., 2006. Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
on yield, growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry. Sci. Hort., 111, 38-43.
Oskooei, A.R., Ali-Asgharzadeh, P., Baghban, S., 2005. Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on yield and concentration of
vitamin C of tomato in different levels of phosphorous. J. Agr. Natu. Resour. Sci., 82, 849-857.
Padem, H., Ocal, A., 1999. Effects of humic acid applications on yield and some characteristics of processing
tomato. Acta. Hort., 487, 159-164.
Pan, B., Bai, Y.M., Leibovitch, S., Smith, D.L., 1999. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin as ways to
promote corn growth and yield in a short growing season area. Agron. J., 11, 179-186.
Patidar, M., 2001. Integrated nutrient management in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and its residual effect on wheat
(Triticum aestivum). India. J. Agr. Sci., 71(9), 587 – 590.
Ramirez, S.L.F., Diaz, S.F.R., Muro, E.J., 2012, Relation between soilless tomato quality and potassium
concentration in nutritive solution. Acta. Hort., 947, 215–221.
Sahin, F., Kotan, R., Demirci, E., Miller, S.A., 2000. Domates ve biber bakteriyel leke hastaligi ile biyolojik savasta
actigard ve bazi antagonistlerin etkinligi. Ataturk Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi, 31, 11-16.
Salantur, A., Ozturk, A., Akten, S., Sahin, F., Donmez, F., 2005. Effect of inoculation with nonindigenous and
indigenous rhizobacteria of Erzurum (Turkey) origin on growth and yield of sipring barley. Plant. Soil., 275,
147-156.
Saure, M.C., 2001. Blossom-end rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): calcium- or a stress-related
disorder? Sci. Hort., 90, 193-208.
Spurr, A.R., 1959. Anatomical aspects of blossom-end rot in the tomato with special reference to calcium nutrition.
Hilgardia., 28, 269-295.
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., 2002. Plant Physiology, 3rd edition.
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., Beaton, J.D., 1985. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 4th Ed., Macmillan Pub. Co., NewYork.
Veresoglou, S.D., Menexes, G., 2010. Impact of inoculation with Azospirillum Spp. On growth properties and seed
yield of wheat: a meta-analysis in ISI web of science from 1981 to 2008. Plant soil. DOI 10.1007/s1104-010-
0543-7.
Waling, I., Vark, W.V., Houba, G., Van der lee, J.J., 1989. Soil and Plant Analysis, a series of syllabi. Part 7. Plant Anal
Proced. Wageningen Agriculture University. Netherland.
Wu, S.C., Cao, Z.H., Li, Z.G., Cheung, K.C., Wong, M.H., 2004. Effect of biofertilizer containing Nfixer, P and K
solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth. Geoderma, 125, 155-166.
Zhao, D., Oosterhuis, D.M., Bednarz, C.W., 2001. Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll
content, and chloroplast ultra-structure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica, 39, 103–109.
Zodape, S.T., 2001. Sea weeds as a biofertilizer. J. Sci. India. Res., 60, 378-382.
Anac, D., Eryuce, N., Kilinc, R., 1994. Effect of N, P, K fertilizer levels on yield and quality properties of processing tomatoes in Turkey. Acta. Hort., 376, 243–250.
Aslantaş, R., Çakmakçi, R., Sahin, F., 2007. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions. Sci. Hort., 111, 371-377.
Badr, M.A., 2006. Efficiency of K-feldspar combined with organic materials and silicate dissolving bacteria on tomato yield. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 2, 1191-1198.
Barker, A.V., Ready, K.M., 1994. Ethylene evolution by tomatoes stressed by ammonium nutrition. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 119, 706-710.
Bernard, J.Z., Kocialkowski, W., Grzebisz, W., 2006. Evaluation of potassium quantity intensity parameter of selected polish agriculture soils. J. Polish. Agr. Univ. Agron., 9(40), 67-72.
Brown, M.E., 1974. Seed and root bacterization. Ann. Rev. Phytopatliol., 12, 181-197.
Bryson, G.M., Barker, A.V., 2002. Determination of optimal fertilizer concentration range for tomatoes. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal., 33, 759-777.
Cakmaci, R., Akmakc, I.A., Figen, B., Adil, A., Fikrettin, S., Ahin, B.C., 2005. Growth promotion of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Biochem., 38, 1482-1487.
Cakmakci, R., Donmez, F., Aydın, A., Sahin, F., 2006. Growth promoting of plants by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria under greenhouse and two different field soil conditions. Soil. Biol. Biochem., 38, 1482-1487.
Caretto, S., Parente, A., Serio, F., Santamaria, P., 2008. Influence of potassium and genotype on vitamin E content and reducing sugar of tomato fruits. Hort. Sci., 43(7), 2048–2051.
Cavaglieri, L.R., Passone, A., Etcheverry, M.G., 2004. Correlation between screening procedures to select root endophytes for biological control of Fusarium verticillioides in Zea mays. Biol. Contr., 31, 259-262.
Chakraborty, U., Chakraborty, B., Basnet, M., 2006. Plant growth promotion and induction of resistance in Camellia sinensis by Bacillus megaterium. Journal of Basic Microbiology (JBM) cyclic nucleotids. J. Plant. Physiol., 127,
1617-1625.
Chapagain, B.P., Wiesman, Z., 2004. Effect of potassium magnesium chloride in the fertigation solution as partial source of potassium on growth, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato. Sci. Hort., 99, 279-288.
Egamberberdiyeva, D., Hoflich, G., 2003. Influence of growth- promoting bacteria on the growth of wheat in different soils and temperatures. Soil. Biol. Biochem., 35, 973-978.
El-Bassiony, A.M., Fawzy, Z.F., Abd El-Samad, E.H., Riad, G.S., 2010. Growth, yield and fruit quality of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by potassium fertilization. J. Am. Sci., 6(12).
Esitken, A., Karlidag, H., Ercisli, S., Turan, M., Sahin, F., 2003. The effect of spraying a growth promoting bacterium on the yield, growth and nutrient element composition of leaves of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv.
Hacihaliloglu). Aust. J. Agr. Res., 54, 377-380.
Fawzy, Z.F., Behairy, A.G., Shehata, S.A., 2005. Effect of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum, L.). Egypt. J. Agr. Res., 2(2), 599-610.
Fawzy, Z.F., El-Nemr, M.A., Saleh, S.A., 2007. Influence of levels and methods of potassium fertilizer application on growth and yield of eggplant. J. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1), 42-49.
Franco, J.A., Perez-Saura, P.J., Fernandez, J.A., Parra, M., Garcia, A.L., 1999. Effect of two irrigation rates on yield, incidence of blossom-end rot, mineral content and free amino acid levels in tomato cultivated under drip
irrigation using saline water. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol., 74, 430-435.
Gent, P.P.N., 2004. Effect of nitrogen and potassium supply on yield and tissue composition of greenhouse tomato. Acta. Hort., 644, 369–375.
Griffe, P., Metha, S., Shankar, D., 2003. Organic production of medicinal, aromatic and dye yielding plants (MADPs): forward, preface and introduction. Food. Agr. Organ., 2, 52-63.
Gupta, C.R., Sengar, S.S., 2000. Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to nitrogen and potassium fertilization in acidic soil of Bastar. Veg. Sci., 27(1), 94-95.
Han, H.S., Supanjani, K., Lee, D., 2004. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Agron. J., 24, 169-176.
Han, H.S., Supanjani, Lee, K.D., 2006. Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant. Soil. Environ., 52, 130-136.
Hariprakasha, R.M., Subramanian, T.R., 1991. Effect of potassium application on the yield and content of K, Ca and Mg in cabbage, okra, tomato and beetroot. J. Potash. Res., 7(3), 190–197.
Hegde, D., Dwived, M., Sudhakara, B.S., 1999. Biofertilizers for cereal production in India-A review. India. J. Agr. Sci., 69, 73-83.
Heinrichs, D.E., Rahn, A., Dale, S.E., Sebulsky, M.T., 2004. Iron transport systems in pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Bacillus. 387-401. In: crosa JH, Mey AR and payne SM, (eds.) Iron
Transport in Bacteria. American Society of Agronomy. Wisconsin, DC. Hort., 731, 115-120.
Igual, J.M., Rodriguez-Barrueco, C., 2002. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants for agriculture. In: The proceeding of the first international meeting on microbial posphate solubilizing, 16-19 July, Salamanca, Spain.
Imas, P., Bansal, S.K., 1999. Potassium and integrated nutrient management in potato. Presented at the global conference on potato, Dec., 6-11, New Delhi, India.
Karla, A., 2003. Organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. A hope for sustainability and quality enhancement. J. Organic. Prod. Medicinal Aromatic Dye Yielding Plants (MADPS). FAO.
Kloepper, J.W., Reddy, M.S., Rodríguez-Kabana, R., Kenney, D.S., Kokalis-Burelle, N., Martinez-Ochoa, N., Vavrina, C.S., 2004. Application for rhizobacteria in transplant production and yield enhancement. Acta. Hort., 631,217–229.
Kotan, R., Sahin, F., Demirci, E., Ozbek, A., Eken, C., Miller, S.A., 1999. Evaluation of antagonistic bacteria for biological control of Fusarium dry rot of potato. Phytopathol., 89, 41.
Kumar, V., Singh, K.P., 2001. Enriching vermicompost by nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Bioresour. Technol., 76(2), 173-175.
Lester, G.E., Jifon, J.L., Makus, D.J., 2006. Supplemental foliar potassium applications with or without a surfactant can enhance netted muskmelon quality. Hort. Sci., 41(3), 741-744.
Peyman Sheikhalipour et al. / International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research (2016) 4(2)
179-187
187
Lester, G.E., Jifon, J.L., Rogers, G., 2005. Impact of potassium nutrition on food quality of fruits and vegetable. J.
Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 130(1), 649- 653.
Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants, 2nd ed. Acedemic Press, London.
Murray, S.A., Spurr, A.R., Paulson, K.N., 1972. Electron probe analysis of Ca, Mg, and K in the fruit of the tomato,
Lycopersicon esculentum, with reference to blossom-end rot. Agron. J., 64, 586-588.
Nassar, H.H., Barakat, M.A., El-Masry, T.A., Osman, A.S., 2001. Effect of potassium fertilization and paclobutrazol
foliar application on vegetative growth and chemical composition of sweet pepper. Egypt. J. Hort., 28(1), 113-
129.
Orhan, E., Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Turan, M., Sahin, F., 2006. Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
on yield, growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry. Sci. Hort., 111, 38-43.
Oskooei, A.R., Ali-Asgharzadeh, P., Baghban, S., 2005. Influence of mycorrhizal fungi on yield and concentration of
vitamin C of tomato in different levels of phosphorous. J. Agr. Natu. Resour. Sci., 82, 849-857.
Padem, H., Ocal, A., 1999. Effects of humic acid applications on yield and some characteristics of processing
tomato. Acta. Hort., 487, 159-164.
Pan, B., Bai, Y.M., Leibovitch, S., Smith, D.L., 1999. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin as ways to
promote corn growth and yield in a short growing season area. Agron. J., 11, 179-186.
Patidar, M., 2001. Integrated nutrient management in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and its residual effect on wheat
(Triticum aestivum). India. J. Agr. Sci., 71(9), 587 – 590.
Ramirez, S.L.F., Diaz, S.F.R., Muro, E.J., 2012, Relation between soilless tomato quality and potassium
concentration in nutritive solution. Acta. Hort., 947, 215–221.
Sahin, F., Kotan, R., Demirci, E., Miller, S.A., 2000. Domates ve biber bakteriyel leke hastaligi ile biyolojik savasta
actigard ve bazi antagonistlerin etkinligi. Ataturk Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi, 31, 11-16.
Salantur, A., Ozturk, A., Akten, S., Sahin, F., Donmez, F., 2005. Effect of inoculation with nonindigenous and
indigenous rhizobacteria of Erzurum (Turkey) origin on growth and yield of sipring barley. Plant. Soil., 275,
147-156.
Saure, M.C., 2001. Blossom-end rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): calcium- or a stress-related
disorder? Sci. Hort., 90, 193-208.
Spurr, A.R., 1959. Anatomical aspects of blossom-end rot in the tomato with special reference to calcium nutrition.
Hilgardia., 28, 269-295.
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., 2002. Plant Physiology, 3rd edition.
Tisdale, S.L., Nelson, W.L., Beaton, J.D., 1985. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. 4th Ed., Macmillan Pub. Co., NewYork.
Veresoglou, S.D., Menexes, G., 2010. Impact of inoculation with Azospirillum Spp. On growth properties and seed
yield of wheat: a meta-analysis in ISI web of science from 1981 to 2008. Plant soil. DOI 10.1007/s1104-010-
0543-7.
Waling, I., Vark, W.V., Houba, G., Van der lee, J.J., 1989. Soil and Plant Analysis, a series of syllabi. Part 7. Plant Anal
Proced. Wageningen Agriculture University. Netherland.
Wu, S.C., Cao, Z.H., Li, Z.G., Cheung, K.C., Wong, M.H., 2004. Effect of biofertilizer containing Nfixer, P and K
solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth. Geoderma, 125, 155-166.
Zhao, D., Oosterhuis, D.M., Bednarz, C.W., 2001. Influence of potassium deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophyll
content, and chloroplast ultra-structure of cotton plants. Photosynthetica, 39, 103–109.
Zodape, S.T., 2001. Sea weeds as a biofertilizer. J. Sci. India. Res., 60, 378-382.
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