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Contraceptive Efficacy of Hydro-Methanolic Fruit Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica in Male Albino Rats
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Nigeria
Abstract
The rising human population, particularly in the developing countries, and the attendant socioeconomic effects necessitates the need for its effective regulation. This study aims at exploring the contraceptive efficacy of the fruit extract of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A Rich, a plant with wide ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and social values, in combating this public health challenge. Forty eight adult male and 48 female wistar rats were used for the study. The males, randomly selected into two groups: 30 days treatment and 30 days reversal groups; each further divided into 3 test and 1 control group of 6 animals each. Daily oral doses of 0.5, 2.0 and 10.0mg/kg body weight respectively were given to the test groups for 30 days followed by 30 days of extract withdrawal. 6 animals were sacrificed from each treatment group animals on day 31 and on day 61 for the reversal group animals. Body weight of the animals were measured at beginning of study and before each sacrifice. Fertility test was done after 30 days of extract treatment and after 30 days withdrawal while testicular and epididymal weight, testosterone as well as sperm parameters were assessed on the day of each sacrifice. Results show a reversible dose dependent negative effect in body and organ weight, sperm parameters and in fertility parameters. Therefore, xylopia aethiopica has antifertility potentials which could be explored for contraceptive purposes
Keywords
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Amayaw, Y., Owusu-Ansah, E. (1998). Morphohistological studies of two plants species used in Ethnomedicine J.Herds, spices med plants 5 (4):60-85.
Asekun OT, Adeniyi BA(2004,): Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria. Fitoterapia. 75:368.
Beckman LJ Harvey SM, (1996). Factors affecting the consistent use of barrier methods of contraception. Obstet Gynecol 88 (suppl):655-715.
Boyom FF, Ngouana V, Zollo PH, Menut C, Bessiere JM, Gut J, (2003). Rosenthal PJ: Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 64:1269.
Burkhills, H.M.,(1985) Useful plants of West Tropical Africa, 2nd edi Royal botanical garden vol 1 Pp130-132.
Chauhan N, Dixit V (2008): Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats. Int J Appl Res Natural Prod; 1(2):26-31.
Eric Woode, Abass Alhassan and Chrissie S. Abaidoo (2012). Effect of Xylopic Acid on Sex Hormones and Spermatogenesis in Male Rats. Al Ameen J Med Sci 5 (3) : 288 -297.
Eze Kingsley Nwangwa (2012). Antifertility Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia aethiopica on Male Reproductive Organ of Wistar Rats. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2012, 2(1): 12-15.
Fleischer TC, Mensah ML, Mensah AY, Komlaga G, Gbedema SY, Skaltsa H(2008): Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 5:391.
Islam N. and Trainer P.J. (1998). The hormonal assessment of the infertile male. Review. British. J. Urol. 82: 69-75.
Konning GH, Agyare C, Ennison B (2004): Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from Ghana. Fitoterapia, 75:65.
Kuete V (201: Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med, 76:1479.
Liu D.Y. and Baker H.W.G. (1992). Morphology of spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida of human oocytes that failed to fertilize in vitro. J. Fertil. Reprod. 94: 71-84.
Matsumoto, A.M. (1990). Effects of chronic testosterone administration in normal men: safety and efficacy of high dosage testosterone and parallel dose dependent suppression of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sperm production. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 282 287.
Nwafor A, Adienbo OM and Egwurugwu JN. (2009). In-vivo effects of xylopia aethiopica on haemorrheological parameters in guinea pigs. African journal of applied zoology & environmental biology. Vol.11, 79-81.
Prins SG, Birch L, Greene GL. (1991). Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult rat prostate. Endocrinology. 129: 3187–99.
Raji Y, Udoh US, Mewoyaka OO, Ononye FC, Bolarinwa AF. (2003) Implication of reproductive endocrine malfunction in male antifertility efficacy of Azadirachta indica extract in rats. Afri. J. Med.Med.Sci 32:159-165.
Setty BS, Riar SS, Kar AB. (1977). Androgenic control of epididymal function in rhesus monkey and rabbit. Fert Steril. 22:674–81.
Shi Y.L.; Bai JP and Wang WP (2003). Ion-channels in human sperm membrane and contraceptive mechanisms of male antifertility compounds derived from Chinese traditional medicine. Acta. Pharmacol.
Sin. 24 : 22-30.
Somova LI., Shode FO, Moodley K, Govender Y.J (2001). Cardiovascular and diuretic activity of kaurene derivatives of Xylopia aethiopica and Alepidea amatymbica. Ethnopharmacol; 77(2): 165–174.
Tairu AO, Hofmann T, Schieberle P. (1999). Identification of the key aroma compounds in dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica. In: J. Janick (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. p. 474– 478.
Tatsadjieu N, Essia Ngang JJ, Ngassoum MB, Etoa FX (2003): Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica. Zanthoxylum X. aethiopica nthoxyloïdes and Zanthoxylum
leprieurii from Cameroon. Fitoterapia, 74:469.
Zavos P.M. and Zarmakoupis-Zavos N. (1996). The inhibitory effects of gossypol on human sperm motility characteristics: possible modes of reversibility of those effects. The Tohoku. J. Experim. Med. 179: 167-175.
Adienbo OM, Nwafor A and Iwuji S (2011). Effect of aqueous fruit extract of xylopia aethiopica on Reproductive hormones in male guinea pigs. Global journal of pure and applied sciences. Vol 17 (2) 137-139.
Amayaw, Y., Owusu-Ansah, E. (1998). Morphohistological studies of two plants species used in Ethnomedicine J.Herds, spices med plants 5 (4):60-85.
Asekun OT, Adeniyi BA(2004,): Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oil of Xylopia aethiopica from Nigeria. Fitoterapia. 75:368.
Beckman LJ Harvey SM, (1996). Factors affecting the consistent use of barrier methods of contraception. Obstet Gynecol 88 (suppl):655-715.
Boyom FF, Ngouana V, Zollo PH, Menut C, Bessiere JM, Gut J, (2003). Rosenthal PJ: Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 64:1269.
Burkhills, H.M.,(1985) Useful plants of West Tropical Africa, 2nd edi Royal botanical garden vol 1 Pp130-132.
Chauhan N, Dixit V (2008): Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats. Int J Appl Res Natural Prod; 1(2):26-31.
Eric Woode, Abass Alhassan and Chrissie S. Abaidoo (2012). Effect of Xylopic Acid on Sex Hormones and Spermatogenesis in Male Rats. Al Ameen J Med Sci 5 (3) : 288 -297.
Eze Kingsley Nwangwa (2012). Antifertility Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia aethiopica on Male Reproductive Organ of Wistar Rats. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2012, 2(1): 12-15.
Fleischer TC, Mensah ML, Mensah AY, Komlaga G, Gbedema SY, Skaltsa H(2008): Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, 5:391.
Islam N. and Trainer P.J. (1998). The hormonal assessment of the infertile male. Review. British. J. Urol. 82: 69-75.
Konning GH, Agyare C, Ennison B (2004): Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants from Ghana. Fitoterapia, 75:65.
Kuete V (201: Potential of Cameroonian plants and derived products against microbial infections: a review. Planta Med, 76:1479.
Liu D.Y. and Baker H.W.G. (1992). Morphology of spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida of human oocytes that failed to fertilize in vitro. J. Fertil. Reprod. 94: 71-84.
Matsumoto, A.M. (1990). Effects of chronic testosterone administration in normal men: safety and efficacy of high dosage testosterone and parallel dose dependent suppression of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sperm production. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70: 282 287.
Nwafor A, Adienbo OM and Egwurugwu JN. (2009). In-vivo effects of xylopia aethiopica on haemorrheological parameters in guinea pigs. African journal of applied zoology & environmental biology. Vol.11, 79-81.
Prins SG, Birch L, Greene GL. (1991). Androgen receptor localization in different cell types of the adult rat prostate. Endocrinology. 129: 3187–99.
Raji Y, Udoh US, Mewoyaka OO, Ononye FC, Bolarinwa AF. (2003) Implication of reproductive endocrine malfunction in male antifertility efficacy of Azadirachta indica extract in rats. Afri. J. Med.Med.Sci 32:159-165.
Setty BS, Riar SS, Kar AB. (1977). Androgenic control of epididymal function in rhesus monkey and rabbit. Fert Steril. 22:674–81.
Shi Y.L.; Bai JP and Wang WP (2003). Ion-channels in human sperm membrane and contraceptive mechanisms of male antifertility compounds derived from Chinese traditional medicine. Acta. Pharmacol.
Sin. 24 : 22-30.
Somova LI., Shode FO, Moodley K, Govender Y.J (2001). Cardiovascular and diuretic activity of kaurene derivatives of Xylopia aethiopica and Alepidea amatymbica. Ethnopharmacol; 77(2): 165–174.
Tairu AO, Hofmann T, Schieberle P. (1999). Identification of the key aroma compounds in dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica. In: J. Janick (ed.), Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. p. 474– 478.
Tatsadjieu N, Essia Ngang JJ, Ngassoum MB, Etoa FX (2003): Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica. Zanthoxylum X. aethiopica nthoxyloïdes and Zanthoxylum
leprieurii from Cameroon. Fitoterapia, 74:469.
Zavos P.M. and Zarmakoupis-Zavos N. (1996). The inhibitory effects of gossypol on human sperm motility characteristics: possible modes of reversibility of those effects. The Tohoku. J. Experim. Med. 179: 167-175.
Volume 1, Issue 7 - Serial Number 7
July and August 2013Pages 718-727
- Receive Date 17 August 2014
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