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The Effect of Natural Uranium Bed on Aflatoxin Reduction of Pistachio
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Agriculture Department of Kerman Institute for Educational Research
2 Kerman Graduate University of Advanced Technology
Abstract
Nowadays, the separation of pistachios which seem to have aflatoxin is done according to their organoleptic physical qualities like color and etc. As these methods are not fully practical, and there is always a possibility of error and also the conditions like the wrong time harvest, the transportation of picked pistachios, the delay on the processing cause some contaminations in pistachios which do not have particular physical qualities and which are not separable and the detoxification methods must be surveyed. In this paper, the effect of Gamma, Beta, and Alpha rays from natural uranium activity on Aflatoxin reduction was analyzed. Beta and Alpha rays don’t pass through the exterior shell of pistachio. Therefore, we need to consider only Gamma rays. So, the Aflatoxin infected pistachios were put into two thick cast iron containers (steam boilers), which one of them included natural uranium soil and the other normal soil and the pistachios were kept there for ten days. Then, the amounts of Aflatoxin in the two boilers were measured by HPLC method and the data were compared. The results show that the B1 Aflatoxin in the natural uranium boiler has reduced from 134.85 ng/g to 72.28 ng/g where as the B1 Aflatoxin in the normal soil boiler has not changed at all. This cheap method on Aflatoxin reduction can cause the increase on pistachio export, improvement of economic situation of the society, reduction of cancer contamination and increase of the society health
Keywords
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Denizel, T., Edward,J.,Rolfe and Basil,Jarvis.(1976)Moisture-Equilibrium relative humidity relationship in pistachio nuts With particular regard to control of aflatoxin formation. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 27: 1027-1034.
Doster,M.,Michailides,T.(1994). Aspergillus molds and aflatoxins in pistachio nuts in california phytopathology. 84: 583-590.
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Mirdamadiha,F.(1998). A review on methods of preventing Aflatoxin in pistachios after harvest.Information and scientific documents center of agricultural ministry, Tehran 24:77.
Pearson,T.,Schatzki,T.(1998). Machine vision system for automated detection of aflatoxin contaminated pistachios. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistery.46.
Pitt,R.(1993).A descriptive model of mold growth and aflatoxin formation as affected by environmental conditions. Journal of Food Protection.56:139-146.
Rustom,I.(1997).Aflatoxin in food and feed :occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chmistry.59: 57.
Rustom,Y.(1996).Aflatoxin in Food and Feed Occurrence, Legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food chemistry.59:57-67.
Samarajeewa,U.,Sen,A.,Cohen,M, Wel,C.(1990).Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Feeds and Foods by physical and chemical methods. Journal of food protection.53: 489-501.
Hursh,J.,Spoor,N.(1973).Data on man, in Uranium, Plutonium transplutonic elements.SpringerVerlag. New York : 197–240.
Fakhri,S.(1999).Contamination of pistachios with Aflatoxin and the methods to prevent and cure. The first seminar on pistachio’s Aflatoxin. Research institute of Kerman city.
Sommer,N.,Buchanan,J.,Fortlage,R.(1986).Relation of early spliting and tattering of pistachio nuts to aflatoxin in the orchard. Phytopathology.76:692-694.
Bullerman,L.(1984).Formation and control of mycotoxins in food. Journal of Food Protection, 47(8):637- 642
Denizel, T., Edward,J.,Rolfe and Basil,Jarvis.(1976)Moisture-Equilibrium relative humidity relationship in pistachio nuts With particular regard to control of aflatoxin formation. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 27: 1027-1034.
Doster,M.,Michailides,T.(1994). Aspergillus molds and aflatoxins in pistachio nuts in california phytopathology. 84: 583-590.
Doyle,M.(1982).Physical,chemical and biological degradation of mycotoxins in foods and agricultural commodities. Journal of Foods Protection . 45.
Kaye,G.,Laby,T.(1993).Tables of physical and chemical constants. Longman Group Ltd, 15th edition, Essex, UK.
Lederer,C.,Hollander,J.,Perlman,I.(1978).Table of Isotopes.ohn Wiley, New York, USA.
Nriagu,J.(2012).high levels of uranium in groundwater of ulaanbaatar, mongolia.NIHPA.
Mirdamadiha,F.(1998). A review on methods of preventing Aflatoxin in pistachios after harvest.Information and scientific documents center of agricultural ministry, Tehran 24:77.
Pearson,T.,Schatzki,T.(1998). Machine vision system for automated detection of aflatoxin contaminated pistachios. Journal Agriculture Food Chemistery.46.
Pitt,R.(1993).A descriptive model of mold growth and aflatoxin formation as affected by environmental conditions. Journal of Food Protection.56:139-146.
Rustom,I.(1997).Aflatoxin in food and feed :occurrence, legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food Chmistry.59: 57.
Rustom,Y.(1996).Aflatoxin in Food and Feed Occurrence, Legislation and inactivation by physical methods. Food chemistry.59:57-67.
Samarajeewa,U.,Sen,A.,Cohen,M, Wel,C.(1990).Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Feeds and Foods by physical and chemical methods. Journal of food protection.53: 489-501.
Hursh,J.,Spoor,N.(1973).Data on man, in Uranium, Plutonium transplutonic elements.SpringerVerlag. New York : 197–240.
Fakhri,S.(1999).Contamination of pistachios with Aflatoxin and the methods to prevent and cure. The first seminar on pistachio’s Aflatoxin. Research institute of Kerman city.
Sommer,N.,Buchanan,J.,Fortlage,R.(1986).Relation of early spliting and tattering of pistachio nuts to aflatoxin in the orchard. Phytopathology.76:692-694.
Volume 1, Issue 8 - Serial Number 8
July and August 2013Pages 910-913
- Receive Date 17 August 2014
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