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Cochineal (Dactylopius Coccus) as One of the Most Important Insects in Industrial Dyeing
Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1 Graduate of Master Textile Engineering, branch Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Specializing in the affairs herbal and industrial dyeing crude materials for exquisite carpet weaving, Kashan, Iran
Abstract
Cochineal is the name of both crimson or carmine dye and the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus), a scale insect from which the dye is derived. There are other species in the genus Dactylopius which can be used to produce cochineal extract, but they are extremely difficult to distinguish from D. coccus, even for expert taxonomists, and the latter scientific name (and the use of the term "cochineal insect") is therefore commonly used when one is actually referring to other biological species. D. coccus itself is native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. This insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti. The insect produces carminic acid which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the dye. Cochineal is primarily used as a food coloring and for cosmetics
Keywords
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Claps, L.E. & de Haro, M.E. 2001. Coccoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) associated with Cactaceae in Argentina. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development.
Eastwood, G.M. 1984. Egyptian dyes and colours. Dyes on Historical and Archaeological Textiles.
Flores Flores, V.I. 2002. Physical-chemical characterization of cochineal {Dactylopius coccus} Costa producer areas in the Andean Trapeze Bar Departments:Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Apurimac, Peru. CACTUSNET NEWSLETTER (FAO International
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Francis, F.J. & Watson, D.H. 2002. Colorants. Food Chemical Safety.
Lillie, R.D. 1979. Red dyes used by ancient dyers: their probable identity. Journ of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
Schiebinger, L. L. (2004). Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01487-1. p. 44.
Claps, L.E. & de Haro, M.E. 2001. Coccoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) associated with Cactaceae in Argentina. Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development.
Eastwood, G.M. 1984. Egyptian dyes and colours. Dyes on Historical and Archaeological Textiles.
Flores Flores, V.I. 2002. Physical-chemical characterization of cochineal {Dactylopius coccus} Costa producer areas in the Andean Trapeze Bar Departments:Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Apurimac, Peru. CACTUSNET NEWSLETTER (FAO International
Technical Cooperation on Cactus) .
Ford, G.P., Gopal, T., Grant, D., Gaunt, I.F., Evans, J.G. & Butler, W.H. 1987. Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of carmine of cochineal in the rat. Food and Chemical Toxicity .
Francis, F.J. & Watson, D.H. 2002. Colorants. Food Chemical Safety.
Lillie, R.D. 1979. Red dyes used by ancient dyers: their probable identity. Journ of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
Schiebinger, L. L. (2004). Plants and Empire: Colonial Bioprospecting in the Atlantic World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01487-1. p. 44.
Volume 1, Issue 11 - Serial Number 11
November and December 2013Pages 1302-1308
- Receive Date 19 August 2014
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