International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory

Sylvia Ortega-Martínez

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 1-15

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.1

Abstract

Adult neurogenesis, a concept emergent in the late 1990s, is the generation of new neurons in the adult brain. This process occurs thank to cells who have this proliferative feature, ... Read More Adult neurogenesis, a concept emergent in the late 1990s, is the generation of new neurons in the adult brain. This process occurs thank to cells who have this proliferative feature, named as Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) are primary progenitors who can generate the two neural types (neurons and glia). Classically it was assumed that NSCs are only present in the embryo, but today it is extensively known that are also present in the postnatal and adult brain, although the majority were found in embryo stage. According with Merkle et al. 2006, these cells are characterized by the following features: 1. They come from glial cells, 2. They are related linearly between adult and embryonic cells (since they are transformed from neuroepithelial cells to radial glia, and then they show astroglial cells characteristics), and 3. These cells are divided essentially asymmetrically leading to another intermediate progenitor (IPC) as a parent, and sometimes divided symmetrically, to increase the progeny (Ortega Martinez and Trejo, 2015). Meanwhile, intermediate progenitors (IPCs) are always divided symmetrically to amplify the number of progeny dividing (Merket et al., 2006). These symmetric divisions are an important determinant of the brain size, so those species with larger brains have a larger pool of intermediate progenitors (Marshall et al., 2005). These cells, in adults, are mainly found at the subventricular zone (SVZ), adjacent to the lateral ventricles and at the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, known like subgranular zone (SGZ) the ‘imaginary line’ below granular zone of DG where these cells are found (see Fig. 1). However, there are evidences of the existence of these cells elsewhere in the adult brain, including the cortex (Feliciano et al., 2012) or the hypothalamus (Lee et al., 2012). These precursor cells are quiescent (usually non-dividing) that can be divided into different stimuli. When this happens, there are two possibilities; A) their division generates intermediate progenitor cells (IPC), which then gives rise to neurons; B) whereas if they come from astroglial progenitors, the result will be the generation of glial. The process of formation of neurons through intermediate progenitors is a longer process, as there are different types of intermediate progenitors known as 2a, 2ab, 2b and type 3 according to their stage of development and expressing markers, whereas astroglial progenitors have comparatively a lower proliferative capacity. However, intermediate progenitors send numerous processes before being symmetrically divided, motivated by local sensing factors (Noctor et al., 2004). The NSCs don’t only come from the nervous system but can be derived from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or reprogrammed fibroblasts (Wernig et al., 2008). Different kinds of neural progenitor/stem cells basis have been established on their characteristics. There are two different populations known like: neural stem cells which show glial characteristics (Radial Glia Cells, RGLs), and intermediate progenitors (IPC). The latter are also divided into other types (2a, 2ab, 2b, 3). The classification of these cells and the markers used to identify them has created much controversy among scientists. However, there is a large consensus that the astrocytic NSC have many features, such as the expression of glial fibrilar acidic protein (GFAP), which has made us change our perception of glia (Merkle et al., 2006). Other studies (Kempermann et al., 2003) support the interpretation that radial astrocytes have a role as primary progenitors.

Original Article

Effect of Seed Storage Duration and Seedling Raising method on Chamomile Seedling Establishment

Dejene Tadesse Banjaw; Tigist Germen Wolde

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 16-18

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.2

Abstract

Objective: Chamomile is one of the commercial medicinal plants produced in Ethiopia. Besides, it is priority crop in national aromatic and medicinal plants research project in the country. ... Read More Objective: Chamomile is one of the commercial medicinal plants produced in Ethiopia. Besides, it is priority crop in national aromatic and medicinal plants research project in the country. As chamomile production affected by production techniques this activity was conducted to identify the effect of seed storage duration and seedling raising methods on its seedling establishment. Methods: The experiment was conducted during 2015 at rain feed condition at wondogenet agricultural research center, south Ethiopia using randomized complete block design in three replications. Zero months, three month, six month, nine month and twelve month stored seeds were combined with direct sowing, seed bed raised and pot raised seedlings resulting in a total of fifteen treatments. Data on plant height, flower yield per plant, flower yield per hectare, number of flower per plant and average weight of ten flowers were collected and tested statistically. Results: Direct sowing and pot raised methods resulted in lowest and highest value in all parameters respectively. Least and largest values range from 35.37 to 60.08 for plant height, 43.88 to 51.77 for flower yield per plant, 4.87 to 5.74 for flower yield per hectare, 244.99 to 383.71 for number flower per plant and ranges from 1.51 to 1.57 for average 10 flower weight. One year old seedlings resulted in higher mean value for plant height, flower yield per plant, flower yield per hectare and average weight of 10 flowers. Zero month treatment resulted in the least values for flower yield per plant, flower yield per hectare and number of flower per plant parameters. However, even though seedling raising method resulted in very highly significant results in plant height and in number of flower per plant, in all seed storage durations treatments there was none significance results for all testing parameters. Besides, the interaction of seed storage duration and seedling raising method treatments were resulted in none significant result for all testing parameters.

Original Article

Influence of Plant Population Density on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni L.)

Nebret Tadesse Btru; Aynalem Gebere; Hordofa Melkamu; Lule Belistie

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 19-26

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.3

Abstract

Objective: An experiment was conducted at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in the production season of 2013/14 and 2014/15 with the objective of identifying the best combination ... Read More

Original Article

Effects of Inter and Intra Row Spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) at Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia

Basazinew Degu Gebremedin; Bizuayehu Tesfaye Asfaw

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 27-34

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.4

Abstract

Objective: A field experiment was conducted to assess the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing on growth, yield and yield component of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in 2014/15 cropping ... Read More

Original Article

Seed Yield of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manure Application at Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

Bethlehem Melese; Nigussie Dechassa

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 35-40

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.5

Abstract

Objective: A field experiment was conducted in order to study the effect of phosphorus and manure application on agronomic performance and seed yield of groundnut. Methods: Factorial ... Read More

Original Article

Efficacy of Rhinoceros Beetle (Xylotrupes Gideon) Nano Chitosan and Calcium Mouthwash in Reducing Quantity Oral Cavity Bacteria among Elementary School Age Children

Ade Komariah; Roberto A Tatara; Del A Bustami

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 41-47

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.6

Abstract

Objective: The level of dental and oral hygiene on elementary school age children is very low, so it can be increasing the incidence of dental and oral diseases which caused by various ... Read More

Original Article

Estimation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in cerebrospinal fluid in different types of meningitis

Ranbeer kumar Singh; Farhan Usmani; Syed Shahzadul Haque; Md. Tanweeruddin; Baban Kumar Singh

Volume 5, Issue 1 , March 2017, Pages 48-51

https://doi.org/10.26655/ijabbr.2017.1.7

Abstract

Objective: Meningitis is life-threatening condition and examination of the Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may not give a precise diagnosis and prognosis of different types of meningitis. ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Volume 5, Issue 1, March 2017, Pages 1-51

Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory

Abstract

Effect of Seed Storage Duration and Seedling Raising method on Chamomile Seedling Establishment

Abstract

Influence of Plant Population Density on Growth and Yield of Stevia (Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni L.)

Abstract

Effects of Inter and Intra Row Spacing on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) at Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Seed Yield of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Phosphorus and Manure Application at Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract

Efficacy of Rhinoceros Beetle (Xylotrupes Gideon) Nano Chitosan and Calcium Mouthwash in Reducing Quantity Oral Cavity Bacteria among Elementary School Age Children

Abstract

Estimation of Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity in cerebrospinal fluid in different types of meningitis

Abstract