International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Abstract As production costs continue to rise, the global population expands, and sustainability becomes a more pressing concern, enhancing the efficiency of dairy cows has emerged as a vital objective for the dairy industry. Recent evaluations have examined the implications of including feed efficiency (FE) in a selection index through both indirect selection methods, such as dry matter intake (DMI), and direct selection approaches such as residual feed intake (RFI), utilizing deterministic modelling techniques. Such methods aim to create a more sustainable dairy industry by optimizing resource use and improving overall productivity. The study examined two traits using three different methods: (1) setting the genetic gain of the traits to zero, (2) implementing negative selection pressure, and (3) utilizing positive selection pressure. To assess the effects of integrating FE into a selection index, changes in both economic and genetic gains were analysed. The findings revealed that enhancing FE through direct selection based on residual feed intake yielded the most favourable results. This approach provided the highest overall economic benefits and also led to positive outcomes in production and FE selection. Overall, focusing on direct selection for FE proved to be the most effective strategy among the scenarios evaluated. The evaluation of how the weights of relative indexes change, along with the anticipated effectiveness of the suggested selection indexes compared to a baseline index, has been conducted. This assessment also included the response of indices to selection and the effects on various traits due to selection. Notably, the most significant change in the index response to selection occurred when aiming to increase dry matter intake (DMI), leading to an 8.42% enhancement in the response index. Conversely, attempts to decrease DMI resulted in a detrimental effect, causing a 7.68% decline in the response index. This illustrates the complexities involved in selection index management, highlighting those strategies focused on improving DMI can yield positive outcomes, while reductions in DMI may negatively influence overall selection effectiveness. Over time, the cumulative effects of selection can lead to a significant reduction in daily dry matter intake, ranging from 0.16 kg to 2.7 kg, all while sustaining production levels. The findings suggest that while residual feed intake (RFI) has minimal influence on the existing efficiency metrics, it could be a valuable trait to consider breeding programs aimed at enhancing feed efficiency in dairy cattle. This research sheds light on the potential long-term benefits of prioritizing feed efficiency through the lens of RFI, indicating that such selection practices may yield substantial improvements in overall productivity and sustainability within dairy operations.

Abstract In the initial phase of this study, the germination traits of maize seeds subjected to salicylic acid (SA) priming under saline stress were investigated. The treatments consisted of five SA concentrations: 0 (distilled water), 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mM. In the subsequent phase, the experiment was extended to examine the combined effects of SA and biochar on the nutrient composition of maize plants exposed to salinity stress. Treatments included three concentrations of SA (0, 0.75, and 1.0 mM), three levels of biochar (0, 0.6, and 1.2%), and three salinity levels (0, 4, and 8 dS·m⁻¹) induced by NaCl. The findings revealed that under severe salinity stress (8 dS·m⁻¹), seed priming with SA at 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mM improved germination rates by approximately 18%, 38%, 63%, and 88%, respectively, compared with the untreated control under the same salinity level. The elevated salinity markedly delayed germination and suppressed seedling growth;however, SA application extended the period between the first and the last germination while simultaneously improving seedling height. With increasing salinity, sodium and chloride accumulation in plant tissues rose significantly, while calcium and potassium concentrations declined. The combined application of 1.2% biochar and SA was particularly effective in reducing sodium buildup and preventing calcium depletion under saline conditions. Remarkably, at the highest salinity level, the simultaneous use of 1.5 mM SA and 1.2% biochar enhanced potassium content by more than 34% compared with the NaCl-only treatment (8 dS·m⁻¹ without SA or biochar). Moreover, phosphorus concentration in plant tissues increased by 20% and 44% under salinity levels of 4 and 8 dS·m⁻¹, respectively, relative to the non-saline control. Across all salinity treatments, SA consistently promoted phosphorus uptake compared with untreated plants.

Abstract Small ruminants such as sheep and goats are essential for the livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of South Asia. However, these animals are frequently exposed to harsh environmental conditions, including heat stress, water scarcity, poor feed quality, cold spells, and parasitic infestations. These stressors, individually or in combination, negatively impact animal health, productivity, and welfare. This review synthesizes recent findings on the physiological, behavioral, and immunological responses of small ruminants to major environmental stressors. The study places special emphasis on cumulative multi-stressor exposure and evaluates adaptation mechanisms in native breeds. Mitigation strategies such as nutritional interventions, water access, environmental modifications, and genetic selection are also reviewed. Heat stress disrupts feed intake and metabolism; water deprivation impairs thermoregulation and homeostasis; poor nutrition causes energy deficits and reproductive issues; cold stress and parasites further compromise immune resilience. Indigenous breeds display superior adaptability through evolved metabolic and behavioral responses. Practical mitigation approaches can alleviate these stress impacts and improve productivity in vulnerable regions. Understanding how small ruminants respond to environmental stress is critical for developing resilient livestock systems. Integrative strategies that combine improved management, environmental design, and genetic selection can enhance animal performance and ensure food security in climate-vulnerable areas.

Abstract Nanofiber scaffolds constructed from both natural and synthetic polymers represent highly advantageous materials within the domains of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Combining silk fibroin (SF) with poly (lactic acid) (PLA) can potentially enhance biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and wound healing capabilities, making these composites suitable for skin regeneration applications. This study investigated composite nanofibers made from varying ratios of SF and PLA, using electrospinning techniques. The scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to elucidate their morphological characteristics and chemical composition. Methanol management was employed to modify crystallinity. Wettability was assessed via water contact angle measurements. Biological behavior was evaluated using fibroblast adhesion, spreading, and proliferation assays. SEM was also used to observe cell morphology and filopodia formation. Macroscopic and histological analyses assessed skin wound healing in vivo SEM images demonstrated uniform nanofibers without beads, and FTIR confirmed successful fabrication with changes in crystallinity after methanol treatment. Higher SF content reduced the water contact angle, indicating increased hydrophilicity. Fibroblasts showed enhanced adhesion, spreading, and proliferation on SF/PLA-70/30 scaffolds, especially after methanol treatment, with increased filopodia indicating better attachment. In vivo studies revealed that scaffolds with higher PLA content (SF/PLA-30/70 and SF/PLA-50/50) significantly accelerated skin wound healing and tissue regeneration. The combination of SF and PLA in nanofiber scaffolds improves cell attachment, proliferation, and skin healing, demonstrating their potential in tissue engineering. This study highlights the promising application of SF/PLA composites for skin regeneration and regenerative medicine, emphasizing their role in enhancing wound repair processes.

Abstract Graves' disease represents the predominant etiology of hyperthyroidism globally, affecting 60-80% of hyperthyroid cases worldwide. This autoimmune disorder results from thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) inappropriately activating thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors (TSHR), leading to excessive thyroid hormone production and subsequent metabolic dysfunction. The disease predominantly affects women of reproductive age, with a female-to-male ratio of 5-10:1, and exhibits significant geographical variation in prevalence and clinical presentation. This comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the complex autoimmune mechanisms underlying Graves' disease pathogenesis and critically evaluate current therapeutic modalities alongside emerging treatment strategies that target specific immunological pathways. A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, focusing on peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024. Search terms included "Graves' disease," "hyperthyroidism," "autoimmune thyroid," "TSH receptor antibodies," "immunomodulatory therapy," and "thyroid autoimmunity." Articles were screened for relevance and methodological quality. The pathophysiology involves complex molecular interactions between genetic predisposition (HLA-DR3, CTLA-4 polymorphisms), environmental triggers including iodine excess and stress, and immune system dysregulation. CD11c+ B cells have emerged as novel therapeutic targets, demonstrating strong correlation with serum TRAb levels and disease activity markers. Current treatment modalities include antithyroid drugs (methimazole, propylthiouracil), radioiodine therapy, and surgical thyroidectomy. Emerging therapeutic approaches focus on TRAb-targeting strategies, including novel TSHR antagonists (K1-70) and precision medicine strategies that incorporate detailed immunophenotyping profiles. Recent advances in understanding immune mechanisms have opened promising new therapeutic avenues. TRAb-targeted biologics and personalized precision medicine approaches show significant potential for individualized treatment strategies, potentially improving long-term remission rates and substantially reducing disease recurrence in comprehensive Graves' disease management.

Abstract CRISPR-Cas13a systems have revolutionized RNA detection and manipulation, with trans-cleavage activity playing a pivotal role in their diagnostic applications. Enhancing this activity is crucial for achieving greater sensitivity, speed, and versatility in both research and clinical settings. Targeting specific protein binding sites with organic chemical agents represents a promising approach for increasing trans-cleavage activity. This research utilized homology modelling alongside computational approaches, including InterProSurf, GHECOM, and eF-seek, to examine structural characteristics and identify high-confidence binding sites in Cas13a orthologs. These methods provided a comprehensive analysis of the protein's functional architecture, contributing to a deeper understanding of its mechanistic behaviour. Functional amino acids located on the protein surface, along with pockets exhibiting lower binding affinity scores, were identified as potential binding sites for small molecules. Key residues influencing ligand interactions were pinpointed, including residues 603, 605, and 606 in LbaCas13a; residues 1112 and 1145 in LbuCas13a; and residues 735, 784, and 787 in LshCas13a. The eF-seek analysis revealed more extensive residue interaction networks in LbaCas13a, which correlate with its enhanced trans-cleavage activity. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for optimizing CRISPR-Cas13a systems, offering valuable insights for improving their sensitivity and efficiency in precision diagnostics. Future research can refine Cas13a-based tools by focusing on their structural and functional details to unlock their full potential in biomedical applications.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of illness and death in Ghana. This trend mirrors broader epidemiological changes occurring across sub-Saharan Africa. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the burden, distribution, and determinants of CVD in Ghana between 2010 and 2025. Drawing upon peer-reviewed studies, population-based surveys, and institutional reports, we examine the prevalence, regional patterns, and clinical outcomes of major CVDs, including hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and congenital heart disease. The findings of this study reveal that hypertension remains the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor, with recent meta-analyses estimating national prevalence at approximately 27%, and regional data showing urban-rural convergence. Stroke and hypertensive heart disease remain the leading causes of cardiovascular admissions and mortality in Ghana. However, there is a growing burden of ischemic heart disease and heart failure, increasingly affecting younger adults. Pediatric and adolescent populations are increasingly affected by congenital heart defects, rheumatic heart disease, and early-onset hypertension. Despite growing awareness of CVD, there remains limited population-level screening, poor control of risk factors, and substantial treatment gaps, particularly in underserved and low-resource settings. The review also highlights the profound socioeconomic impact of CVD, including long-term disability, income loss, and catastrophic health expenditures. While national efforts have expanded data collection and clinical services, significant gaps remain in prevention, early detection, and chronic care infrastructure. We conclude that addressing Ghana’s CVD epidemic requires a multi-sectoral approach that integrates epidemiological surveillance, targeted public health interventions, and health system strengthening, with a focus on equitable access and sustainable financing mechanisms.

Abstract The growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical public health concern, particularly as it relates to environmental transmission routes such as contaminated drinking water. Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common inhabitant of the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, is widely used as a biological indicator of fecal contamination in water systems. However, beyond indicating sanitary lapses, E. coli increasingly serves as a reservoir and vector of antibiotic resistance genes, many of which are capable of horizontal transfer to other pathogens via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, integrons, and transposons. This comprehensive review examines the occurrence, resistance profiles, and genetic mechanisms of antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolated from drinking water sources across diverse geographical regions. Evidence from global surveillance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), reveals high contamination rates in untreated water sources, wells, surface water, and even municipal supplies. Recent studies report a pooled E. coli prevalence exceeding 37% in drinking water samples globally, with over 40% of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Frequently detected resistance determinants include bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M, and genes conferring resistance to quinolones, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines—highlighting critical overlaps between clinical and environmental resistomes. Resistance patterns vary significantly by region and season, influenced by local sanitation infrastructure, anthropogenic activities, and environmental conditions. Advanced surveillance approaches such as antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and whole genome sequencing (WGS) have been instrumental in tracking resistance dynamics and transmission potential in waterborne E. coli populations. The public health implications are profound, including treatment failure rates of 25-40% for MDR infections, increased healthcare costs, and elevated mortality risks, particularly among vulnerable populations. This review emphasizes the urgent need for integrated water quality monitoring, expanded participation in global AMR surveillance initiatives such as the WHO's Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS), and strengthened local sanitation and water infrastructure. Community-level interventions and international collaboration are essential to contain the environmental spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and mitigate its escalating impact on human health.