International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Review Article

Evaluation of Different Approaches in Leishmania Diagnosis

Hossein Rezvan

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 238-261

Abstract

  Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a malaria-like parasite called Leishmania in human and some species of animals. Detection of leishmaniasis has always been crucial for control and ...  Read More Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a malaria-like parasite called Leishmania in human and some species of animals. Detection of leishmaniasis has always been crucial for control and treatment of the disease. Different strategies have been approached for detection of leishmania. In this review methods used for detection of leishmania infection have been discussed and compared.

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Original Article

Study on Parasitic infections of Quails in Garmsar, Iran

Bahar Shemshadi; Shahrokh Ranjbar Bahadori; Mohsen Mirakhori

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 262-266

Abstract

  In this study parasitic infection of bobwhite and Japanese quails were clarified in farms of Garmsar city in province of Semnan. Forty quails from two breeds randomly were selected ...  Read More In this study parasitic infection of bobwhite and Japanese quails were clarified in farms of Garmsar city in province of Semnan. Forty quails from two breeds randomly were selected and they examined to identify all internal and external parasites .Finding was shown that five percent of the quails examined harbored one or more species of helminthes. Two cestodes, Raillietina echinobothrida and Raillietina cysticillus were found in small intestine. One of female bobwhite quails was infected by R.echinobothrida and one male bobwhite quails was infected by R.cysticyllus. Eight of forty quails harbored intestinal Cryptosporidiosis (20%) and thirteen of forty quails had tracheal cryptosporidiosis (32.5%).Intestinal cryptosporidiosis was clarified in three male and one female of both bobwhite and Japanese quails and tracheal cryptosporidiosis was found in four male and five female of bob white quails and three male and one female of Japanese quails. Also in this study significant difference  was determined between female Bob white breed & female Japanese breed in case of tracheal cryptosporidiosis (p<0.05). In this study, there was no ectoparasite on quails.

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Original Article

Study on economical effect of warble fly in goats in Iran

B. Shemshadi; Sh. Ranjbar Bahadori; H. Akhondpoor Manteghi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 267-271

Abstract

  Goat warble-fly infestation is caused by przhevalskiana silenus (Diptra Oestridae) larvae and it is characterized by the presence of warble under the hide of the back and flanks of ...  Read More Goat warble-fly infestation is caused by przhevalskiana silenus (Diptra Oestridae) larvae and it is characterized by the presence of warble under the hide of the back and flanks of the animal. This study was carried out from March 2009 to March 2010 on the hides sent to the khorasn leather industries for grading, processing and tanning. This study demonstrated from 340,797 goat hides examined 37,090 (11.11 %) were infested by przhevalskiana silenus. The highest damaged hides due to warble infestation saw in southern provinces of Iran with an average 13.86% and Northern provinces had the least infestation with an average 8.48%.The number of the holes in each hide ranged from 2 to 81 with an average 20.65 holes per hide. The highest average of hole per hide reported in central provinces of country and southern provinces had the least holes per hide with an average 18.26 holes per hide.Economic losses of the Khorasan leather industries due to devaluation of goat hides to przhevalskiana silenus infestation were calculated about 958,000,000 Rials equal to 95,800 US$. These losses warrant on immediate attention of the veterinarians for prevention, control and treatment of goat warble fly by prescription macro cyclic lactones drugs such as Ivermectin and cypermectin for limitation of economic losses due to devaluation of hides, reduction of products, growth rate and other accompanied diseases.

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Original Article

Effect of bio-fertilization on yield of potato cultivar marfona

Ali Tabatabai; Mousa Arshad; Mohammad Reza Naderi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 272-278

Abstract

  In order to investigate the effect of different levels of biological fertilizers on potato performance (cv. Marfona), an experiment was carried out as strip plot based on RCB design ...  Read More In order to investigate the effect of different levels of biological fertilizers on potato performance (cv. Marfona), an experiment was carried out as strip plot based on RCB design with 3 replications in 2011 at Isfahan. Treatments included Nitrocara at 4 levels (0: control, 220, 330 and 440 ml.ha-1) as a first factor and Nitroxin+ Phosphate at 4 levels (0+0: control, 20+100, 30+150 and 50+200 g.ha-1 as a second factor. The results showed that the effect of Nitrocara fertilizer on tuber number, dry weight of tuber, tuber yield, tuber weight with lower than 35 mm diameter, tuber weight with 35-70 mm diameter, tuber weight with higher than 70 mm diameter was significant. The highest and the lowest amount of these traits were achieved for 440 mg.L-1Nitrocara and control, respectively. Effect of Nitroxin+Phosphate on tuber number, dry weight of tuber and tuber yield was significant and the highest and the lowest amount of these traits were recorded for 200-50mg.L-1Nitroxin+ Phosphate and control, respectively. Interaction of Nitrocara× Nitroxin+Phosphate was significant for tuber dry weight, tuber yield, tuber weight with lowers than 35 mm diameter and tuber weight with 35-70 mm diameter. The highest and the lowest tuber dry weight, tuber yield, tuber weight with lowers than 35 mm diameter and tuber weight with 35-70 mm diameter were obtained for dual application of 440 ml.ha-1Nitrocara with 200-50mg.L-1Nitroxin+ Phosphate and control, respectively.

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Original Article

Single strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) in the 5'- flanking region of Lactoferrin gene and its association with milk production traits and somatic cell score in Holstein cattle

Mustafa Muhaghegh-Dolatabady; Aria Shafaeipour

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 279-285

Abstract

  Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive protein present in all external secretions such as milk that plays important role in the innate host defense. Therefore, the Lf has a major role in bovine ...  Read More Lactoferrin (Lf) is a bioactive protein present in all external secretions such as milk that plays important role in the innate host defense. Therefore, the Lf has a major role in bovine mammary gland defense during mastitis. In this study, 5’-flanking region of bovine Lf gene containing three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions −602 (T/G), −600 (A/G) and -586 (T/C) were screened using PCR-SSCP method.  Three distinct SSCP patterns, representing 3 different haplotypes (A, B and C), were identified. The frequencies of A, B, and C haplotypes for amplified fragment were 0.43, 0.39 and 0.18, respectively. An association study was applied with data from milk production traits and somatic cell score (SCS). Statistically significant differences were found between various haplotypes at the amplified fragment and fat percentage (P<0.05). However, the haplotypes also tend to associate with protein percentage (P=0.06) and milk yield (P=0.08). No significant difference was observed between combined genotypes and SCS. Therefore, the haplotypes identified in the 5'- flanking region of bovine Lf gene can serve as potential candidate genetic markers for marker assisted selection in cattle.  

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Original Article

Antibacterial effect of medicinal plant essence (Thymus vulgaris) on major bacterial mastitis pathogen in vitro

Mahdi Khodaei Motlagh; Mahdi Kazemi; Hossein Ali Ghasemi; Amir Hossein Khaltabadi Farahani; Mohhamad Yahyaei; Mohhamad Rezaei; Fabio De Rensis; Simone Taddei

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 286-294

Abstract

  Mastitis is one of the most costly diseases in the dairy industry. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis Leads to bacterial resistance and health problems for consumers. ...  Read More Mastitis is one of the most costly diseases in the dairy industry. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis Leads to bacterial resistance and health problems for consumers. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial properties of essential oil of Thymus vulgaris on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus were agalactia. Antibacterial properties of the essential oils were analyzed by disc diffusion method. The MIC and MBC were determined. By different concentration oils (10, 30 and 50%) significant difference in inhibition zone size was observed between 10%, 30% and 50%. There are no significant differences between concentrations of 30% and 50%.

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Original Article

Effect of nitrogen and cultivars on some of traits of barley (hordeum vulgare l.)

Sina Mohammadi Aghdam; Farideh Samadiyan

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 295-299

Abstract

  In order to study effects of nitrogen fertilization and cultivars on some of traits of different barley an experiment was conducted at Isfahan in 2012. The experimental was split plot ...  Read More In order to study effects of nitrogen fertilization and cultivars on some of traits of different barley an experiment was conducted at Isfahan in 2012. The experimental was split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, different levels of nitrogen in the main plots included four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 N kg/ha (urea)) and barley cultivars including Nosrat, Reyhan and Bahman were placed in the subplots. Results showed that the effect of nitrogen on plant height, number of tillers, number of fertile tillers, number of fertile tillers, length and peduncle length were significant. Treatment fertilizer of 150 kg/ha nitrogen maximum number of tillers, number of fertile tillers per square meter, plant height, peduncle length and length compared to the other treatments. Also Nusrat cultivars had the highest average in all traits.

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Original Article

Effect of different urea levels on yield and yield components of corn 704

Sina Mohammadi Aghdam; Farhood Yeganehpoor; Bijan Kahrariyan; Edris Shabani

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 300-305

Abstract

  According to urgent need of corn to nitrogen and since this element play a main role in improving of yield corn, thus, in order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea ...  Read More According to urgent need of corn to nitrogen and since this element play a main role in improving of yield corn, thus, in order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea on yield and yield components of corn 704, an experiment was conducted randomized block with three replications in cropping year of 2012. Experimental treatments included six levels of urea (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg.ha-1). Test parameters include the number of grain rows, number of grains per row, the number of grains per ear, grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Results showed that the effect of urea on the number of grain rows, number of grains per row, the number of grains per ear, grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were significant. The highest amount of yield and yield components of corn was in the treatment of 150 kg.ha-1 of urea and lower in the control plots, respectively. To achieve the highest yield and yield components of 150 kg.ha-1 in urea is recommended.

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Original Article

The effects of galanin on the mean plasma concentrations of growth hormone, Triiodothyronine, thyroxine and milk fat in dairy goats sannan

Mohammad Shamsollahi; Fariba Asadi; Zahra Shamsi Biranvand; Derakhshandeh Rahimi; Seyyed Gholam Reza Mousavi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 306-316

Abstract

  This study investigated the effects of five levels of galanin on plasma concentrations of growth hormone , Triiodothyronine, thyroxine and milk fat in dairy goat breed was sannan .15 ...  Read More This study investigated the effects of five levels of galanin on plasma concentrations of growth hormone , Triiodothyronine, thyroxine and milk fat in dairy goat breed was sannan .15 breeds of dairy goats sannan all about the same age and weight were selected for this study and were randomly divided into five treatments ( three replicates per treatment ). Levels of the hormone injection of galanin in the experiment (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.16, µg/ml galanin hormone per kg of body weight), respectively. Finally, experimental growth hormone was increased hormone galanin (P < 0.05). If a depressing effect on plasma hormone and thyroxine, Triiodothyronine was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This hormone also reduced the mean body fat percentage was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

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Original Article

Study on protein Changes in wheat under drought stress

Reza Ashrafi Parchin; Morad Shaban

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 317-320

Abstract

  A study was performed to study the effect of drought stress on protein changes of five wheat genotypes. Wheat genotypes were planted in early November, growing season of 2008-2009. ...  Read More A study was performed to study the effect of drought stress on protein changes of five wheat genotypes. Wheat genotypes were planted in early November, growing season of 2008-2009. The experiment was carried out in a factotial design with three replications. Two drought stress levels (irrigated and Non irrigated) and five genotype of wheat (F103-L-1-12//PONY/OPATA, F1.158/FDL//BLO/3/SH14414/CROW/4/C ICWH99381-0AP-0AP-OMAR-6MAR, PYN/BAU//VORONA/HD2402, KATILA-13, and SARDARI- HD35/5/DMN//SUT/AG(ES86-7)/3/ICWH99-0552-0AP-0AP-OMAR-3MAR) factorialed in plots as random. Proteins profiling of samples was performed using SDS- polyacrylamide gels. The results showed that. In all genotypes the effects of drought stress on seed storage proteins were significant. Also results shows that, in drought stress treatment the seed storage proteins was more than irrigated treatment. No effects drought stress treatments on protein banding patterns. Also, results indicated that not obvious any new band and not deleted any bands. Therefore we concluded that seed protein bands are very stable in front of environment changes.

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Original Article

Effects of chlorpheniramine (histamine H1 receptor antagonist) on food and water intake in broiler chickens in hunger and satiety

Zahra Shamsi Biranvand; Seyyed Gholam Reza Mousavi; Mohammad Shamsollahi; Javad Cheraghi; kamran Taherpour

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 321-327

Abstract

  The role of histamine in the regulation of food and water intake in mammals and birds of the review, this study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of chlorpheniramine ...  Read More The role of histamine in the regulation of food and water intake in mammals and birds of the review, this study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of chlorpheniramine as histamine H1-receptor antagonist, in broiler chicks on feed intake and satiety in water and was hungry. 32 male Ross broiler chicks reared in groups of four weeks, 16 samples (control and test) were then injected with 0.5 ml chlorpheniramine (40 mg per kg of body weight) intraperitoneally, feed intake and water per chick at intervals of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 min and2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 21, 23 h after injection and the controls weight was recorded. The results showed that chlorpheniramine in satiety after injection caused a significant decrease (p <0.0001) in feed intake compared with the control group. Chlorpheniramine injection in starvation mode after injection induced a significant decrease (p <0.0001) in feed intake compared with the control group. Satiety in a state of chlorpheniramine in180, 240,300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 600, 660, 720 min after injection (p <0.0001) caused a significant reduction in water use. Chlorpheniramine injection, at 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 540, 600 min after injection (p <0.05) caused a significant reduction in water consumption.

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Original Article

Effect of water deficit on total protein and protein profile in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes

Reza Ashrafi Parchin; Morad Shaban

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 328-331

Abstract

  Seed protein usually is not sensitive to environmental fluctuations; its banding pattern is very stable which advocated for cultivars identification purpose in crop. This study was ...  Read More Seed protein usually is not sensitive to environmental fluctuations; its banding pattern is very stable which advocated for cultivars identification purpose in crop. This study was planned to study effect of water deficit on protein content and protein banding pattern of wheat genotypes. In this study five wheat genotypes were planted in early November, growing season of 2008-2009. The experiment was carried out in a factorial design with three replications. Two water use levels (with and without irrigation) and five genotype of wheat (SABALAN/4/VRZ/3/OR F1.148/TDL//BLO, HAMAM-4, KAUZ'S'/MACHETE, Atila2/PBW65 and M-79-7) factorialed in plots as random. Proteins profiling of samples was performed using SDS- polyacryl amide gels. The results showed that, No effects Non irrigated treatments on protein banding patterns. Also, results indicated that not obvious any new band and not deleted any bands. Among the genotypes treatments HAMAM-4 genotype in Non irrigated condition had the highest seed protein and the KAUZ'S'/MACHETE genotype in irrigated condition had the lowest seed protein.

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Original Article

Effect of famotidine (histamine H2-receptor antagonist) on food and water intake in broiler chickens in a state of hunger and satiety

Zahra Shamsi Biranvand; Seyyed Gholam Reza Mousavi; Mohammad Shamsollahi; Javad Cheraghi; kamran Taherpour

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 332-338

Abstract

  The role of histamine in the regulation of food and water intake in mammals and birds of the review, this study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of famotidine ...  Read More The role of histamine in the regulation of food and water intake in mammals and birds of the review, this study evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal administration of famotidine as histamine H2 -receptor antagonist, in broiler chicks on feed intake and satiety in water and was hungry. 32 male Ross broiler chicks reared in groups of four weeks, 16 samples (control and test ) were then injected with 0.5 ml famotidine ( level 2.5 mg per kg of body weight ) intraperitoneally , taking feed and water the chickens at intervals of 15 , 30, 45, 60, 90min and 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 21, 23h after injection the control group was weighed and recorded .Results showed that famotidine injection in chicks fed at 30 , 45, 60, 120, 1260 and 1380 min after injection caused a significant reduction (p <05. 0) in feed consumption .Famotidine had no significant effect on feed intake in starvation mode. Conclusion: According to these results, it seems that the histamine receptor H2, feed and water consumption of poultry (broiler) does not work.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Karun River Water Quality Scenarios Using Simulation Model Results

Mohammad Bagherian Marzouni; Ali Mohammad Akhoundalib; Hadi Moazed; Nematollah Jaafarzadeh; Javad Ahadian; Houshang Hasoonizadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 339-358

Abstract

  Karun River is the largest and most watery river in Iran. This river is the longest river which located just inside Iran and Ahvaz Metropolis drinking water supplied from Karun River ...  Read More Karun River is the largest and most watery river in Iran. This river is the longest river which located just inside Iran and Ahvaz Metropolis drinking water supplied from Karun River as well (fa.alalam.ir). Karun River as the main source of water treatment plants in Ahvaz, like most surface waters affected by various contaminants which caused changes in water quality of the river (www.aww.co.ir). Causes such as constructing several dams at upstream river, withdrawal of water from the upstream to the needs of other regions of Iran, exposure of various industries along the river and discharge of industrial and urban sewage into the river, seen that today this river is deteriorating rapidly, qua today is the depth of river reach to 1 m with a high concentration of pollutants (www.tasnimnews.com). In this study, considering the quality parameters, by using the QUAL2K model and with regard to water quality standards of defined classification, we defined various scenarios. Then two parameters, BOD and DO were chosen as indicator parameters for assessing these scenarios. Model was calibrated to data from spring 2012 and validation was performed by winter and spring 2013. Then the model was used to take management decisions for critical situation. The results showed that by changing in location of entry pollutant in the river we achieved water environmental goals. This scenario is also useful for future that flow of river reduced.

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Original Article

Comparison of two Jacuzzi Recovery and Mild Swimming on Saturated Percentage of Hemoglobin

Batol Yarahmadi; Fatemeh Shabkhiz; Jalal Yarahmadi; Omol Banin Yarahmadi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 359-364

Abstract

  Main aim of this research was comparing mild swimming and recoveries Jacuzzis recovery on blood lactic acid and blood pressure of swimmers. We used descriptive statistics (placebo, ...  Read More Main aim of this research was comparing mild swimming and recoveries Jacuzzis recovery on blood lactic acid and blood pressure of swimmers. We used descriptive statistics (placebo, median, mean, variance, and standard deviation) for analyzing data in order to compare changes of saturated percentage of blood cell. We collected data from pools of Mashhad and we used from 45 person for collecting information and finally 35 sample data were collected. Normal data distribution by Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used initially in order to reflect the normal distribution of data. Thus, we used t student, alpha error is 0.05, and Excel 2007 and SPSS 18 did analysis. Result of research indicated there is not significant relationship between saturated percentage of blood cell in (swimming 200 m after recovery and recovery) in Jacuzzi recovery and mild swim.

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Original Article

Effect of N and P bio fertilizers on yield components of barley

Seyed Mostafa Azimi; Ezatollah Nabati; Mohsen Lak; Morad Shaban

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 365-370

Abstract

  This experiment was laid out in order to evaluate the effects  of different biofertilizers on yield components of barley. The experiment was a factorial design with three replications. ...  Read More This experiment was laid out in order to evaluate the effects  of different biofertilizers on yield components of barley. The experiment was a factorial design with three replications. Treatments were three nitrogen biofrtilizers (Nitroksin, Nitrokara and Supernitroplass) and three phosphate  biofrtilizers (Phosphate barvar2, Biozarr and Superplass) with control for them and yield components were determined as standard. Results showed that, effect of Nitrogen bio fertilizer on number of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biomass was significant. The effect of Phosphate bio fertilizer on grain yield and biomass was significant and the interaction between them on number of grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and biomass was significant. Among the nitrogen biofertilizers, Nitroksin treatment has the highest grain yield and biomass  and control treatment has the lowest of them. However, barley yield and it components was significantly higher in application of biofertilizers treatments. In final results of this study reviled that application  nitrogen and phosphate biofertilizers increased yield and yield components of barley under Boroujerd environmental condition.

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Original Article

Effect of seasonal winds on the pistachio trees productivity of sirjan in the last ten years

Farshid Rafati; Saman Hajmohamadi; Sohrab Hajmohamadi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 371-376

Abstract

  Pollination is the mechanical transfer of male pollen of a flower on the female stigma.This process has a fundamental role to survive the plants species.Since this process is invisible ...  Read More Pollination is the mechanical transfer of male pollen of a flower on the female stigma.This process has a fundamental role to survive the plants species.Since this process is invisible ,its importance has been ignored.Insufficient pollination can be harmful for the farmer instead of being useful.Pollination can be done via some ways.The most important ways are done by insects and wind.Pistachio tree because of different sorts of its pollination is sighnificant .To implant the pistachio trees in a 100-meter row,thirty female trees and just one male tree is needed that the male one is put in the front of the row.Spring season(April)is the season of pistachio tree pollination . Wind speed and direction are basic factors for pistachio pollination . In this paper , the speed of seasonal wind of Sirjan has been researched during ten years (2002-2012) and the pistachio gardens productivity were compard.(The gardens which were in front of wind direction).

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Original Article

Effects of the Pursuit herbicide on relationships of morphological and physiological traits of two species of Trifolium pretense L. and Trifolium alexandrinum L.

Faezeh Fazeli; Ali Reza Rahi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 377-382

Abstract

  To study the physiological and morphological relationships of two clover species affected by herbicides, Pursuit experiment in a factorial based on randomized completely design with ...  Read More To study the physiological and morphological relationships of two clover species affected by herbicides, Pursuit experiment in a factorial based on randomized completely design with 3 replications at the Damavand in 2012. The first factor consisted of two species of Trifolium pretense L. and Trifolium alexandrinum L. and the second factor consisted of three levels of herbicide Pursuit (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 litr per hectares). The traits in the study included chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, flavonoids, ratio chlorophyll a to b, ratio carotenoids to total chlorophyll, dry matter, protein content and  weeds destruction. Results showed that maximum response to herbicide on the percentage of protein in the leaves was recorded under 0.5 li/ha herbicide Pursuit treatment. The results showed that the correlation between the Chlorophyll a with chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and chlorophyll b whit total chlorophyll, carotenoids and total chlorophyll with carotenoids and carotenoids with the ratio of carotenoids to total chlorophyll, and dry matter with flavonoids are significantly related. The results of step-wise regression analysis showed that chlorophyll b and flavonoids had positive and the effect of protein content was reduced by dry matter, anthocyanin and ratio chlorophyll b to chlorophylla.

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Original Article

Effect of drought and salinity tensions on germination and seedling growth of Common Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) in laboratory conditions

Moslem Fetri; Ahmad Dargahikhoo; Mohsen Rajabi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 383-391

Abstract

  A major problem of arid and semi-arid regions is environmental stresses like salinity and drought. To study the effect of Artichoke germination under different levels of salinity and ...  Read More A major problem of arid and semi-arid regions is environmental stresses like salinity and drought. To study the effect of Artichoke germination under different levels of salinity and drought, two separate experiments were performed. The experimental treatments included different salinity levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 mM) and five drought levels by PEG (0, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) with three replications that used based on completely randomized design. Results showed that drought and salinity stresses reduced significantly germination rate, germination percent, and shoot length. In both conditions, there was insignificant difference between treatments for dry weight of root and shoot. There was insignificant difference between treatments for root length in salinity condition, but in drought condition, there was significant difference for this trait. Moisture range optimum for germination was determined from non-stress to 20% PEG concentration (in this study). It seemed that among traits, shoot length was more sensitive than others to salinity and drought stresses. It was observed that Common Yarrow fairly tolerated salinity better than drought conditions. It can be concluded that Common Yarrow can tolerate salinity up to 150 Mm, but in drought conditions it cannot germinate in 25% PEG.

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Original Article

Effects of zinc sulphate and Ascorbic acid on Flowering Characteristics of Ornamental plant Gazania (Gazania rigens) cv. daybreak red stripe

Ali Salehi Sardoei; Mojgan Shahdadneghad; Monir Rohany Yazdi; Timor Mohammadi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 392-398

Abstract

  A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, to study the effect of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and Ascorbic acid(AS) foliar application application 20 and 40 ppm was ...  Read More A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, to study the effect of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and Ascorbic acid(AS) foliar application application 20 and 40 ppm was compared to the control (distillated water) on flowering Gazania (Gazania rigens L. daybreak red stripe).Results were analyzed by SPSS software and Duncan test. Results showed that ZnSO4 and AS had positive effect on the total of flowers/plant. Mean comparisons results indicated that the highest total of flowers/plant Of 20 ppm AS + 20 ppm ZnSO4 and 40 ppm ZnSO4 treatment with mean (94.75 and 91) and the lowest with mean (25.75) were achieved by application of control treatment. The highest number flowers 145, 160 and 175 DAP was was achieved in 40 ppm ZnSO4 with mean (6.25, 25.75 and 27.5), the lowest number flowers was obtained in control treatment (1.75, 4.25 and 7.5) showing significant difference. Zinc sulphate levels in these experiments test better than Ascorbic acid showed better effect regarding flowering and duration of flowering period and resulted in reduction of number flowers as the air temperature was raised.

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Original Article

Assessing the Efficiency of Vegetation Indicators for Estimating Agricultural Drought Using MODIS Sensor Images (Case Study: Sharghi Azerbaijan Province)

Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghadam; Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Hashem Rostamzadeh; Ali Rezaei

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 399-407

Abstract

  Drought is a natural disaster. Because a significant impact on the agricultural and economy sector, it affects the lives of local residents. With Using of the remote sensing, drought ...  Read More Drought is a natural disaster. Because a significant impact on the agricultural and economy sector, it affects the lives of local residents. With Using of the remote sensing, drought can be studied through its effects on plants and agriculture resulting in more accurate and effective results found for modeling drought. In this study, the efficiency of agricultural drought indicators for estimating vegetation conditions will be examined. The results of VCI show that year 2001, 2008, 2000 and 2009 have the most rates of drought, presently and years 2010 and 2003 have been minimal. Used data are satellite images from Terra MODIS sensor precipitation data on 2000_2011.Rainfall data is for synoptic climatology station. To obtain the vegetation condition index (VCI) was used of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI). NDVI derived from bands 13 and 16. To evaluate the success, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) calculated at 9 stations on the time scale of 3 months to 4 years. By SPI, 2008 and 2001 with a maximum drought and 2010 and 2003 years have been the lowest. The results shows that for agricultural drought assessment through Remote Sensing, VCI would be an excellent model, And in areas where weather stations are Sporadic , or if there is no the model can be used to estimate drought.

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Original Article

Isolation and characterization of phenol degrading bacteria from Persian Gulf

Negar Amini Boroujeni; Mehdi Hassanshahian; Sayed Mohammad Reza Khoshrou

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 408-416

Abstract

  Phenol and phenol compounds are environmental pollutants present in industrial wastewaters such as, coal tar, oil refineries and petrochemical plants exist. Phenol removal from industrial ...  Read More Phenol and phenol compounds are environmental pollutants present in industrial wastewaters such as, coal tar, oil refineries and petrochemical plants exist. Phenol removal from industrial effluent is extremely important in protection of environment. Recently phenol biodegradation has been considered. Marine bacteria are the most important phenol biodegrader. In this study, the phenol-degrading bacteria from marine environmental samples (soil and water) were isolated from the Persian Gulf. After three passages, the bacterial growth was measured that four bacteria (F6, F10, F13, F16) has the highest rate of growth. Also, these bacteria were able to remove phenol that was measured by absorbance at 272 nm. The hydrophobicity and emulsification activity was measured in all four bacteria. Finally, after a series of biochemical tests, molecular analysis for strong bacteria in degrading phenol, 16S rRNA gene region amplified with primers specific part of the gene was performed. The sequence result of the gene bank and the highest homology (greater than 98%) were identified as species of bacteria. Genus of isolated bacteria was belonging to Nitratireductor aquimarinus, Nitratireductor aquimarius, Marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri.

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Original Article

Improvement of the vase life of cut gladiolus flowers by salicylic acid and Putrescine

Gholam Abbas Mohammadi; Ali Salehi Sardoei; Mojghan Shahdadneghad

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 417-426

Abstract

  The effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Putrescine (Put), on cut Gladioluswas studied. SA (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg l-1) and Put (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg l-1), their combinations were tested ...  Read More The effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Putrescine (Put), on cut Gladioluswas studied. SA (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg l-1) and Put (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg l-1), their combinations were tested as preservative mixture. This study was conducted in a factorial experiment with complete randomized design on 192 Gladioluscut flowers in horticulture laboratory of agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad University, jiroft branch. The recorded traits included Vase life, Flower Diameter, SPAD, flower diameter, flower petal wilting, percent of floret blossoming, total soluble solids (TSS) and Solution uptake. the results shown effect of different levels of PUT (p<0.01) and interaction of PUT×SA (p<0.05) on flower diameter. Mean comparison indicated that increased level of PUT and the concentration of 300 mg l-1 of this polyamine result in increase of flower diameter. Increasing salicylic acid concentration up to 300 mg/l-1 had positive and significant effect on soluble solids but application of concentrations above 450 mg/l-1 reduced soluble solids level. Water uptake in the absence and presence of 100 mg/l-1 PUT was 168.4 ml and 170.2 ml respectively which is not significant but was elevated to 184.4 ml when PUT concentration was increased to 300 mg l-1.

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Review Article

Trace Mineral Requirements for Dairy Cattle

Amir Hossein Asgari Safdar; Nasroallah Moradi Kor

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 427-432

Abstract

  A host of nutrients are needed by cattle to support functions associated with life, and to grow, reproduce, and nourish their offspring (i.e., produce milk). A vast amount of resources ...  Read More A host of nutrients are needed by cattle to support functions associated with life, and to grow, reproduce, and nourish their offspring (i.e., produce milk). A vast amount of resources have been expended to quantify the amounts of specific nutrients needed to perform these function so that economically efficient diets can be formulated. Feeding diets that provide adequate, but not excessive, amounts of nutrients helps improve profitability of dairy operations while reducing the environmental impact of dairy farms. The trace minerals zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are components of a wide variety of enzymes and proteins that support metabolism, growth, production, and reproduction. Trace mineral supplements are added to dairy cattle rations to prevent mineral deficiencies, and supplementation has traditionally been provided in the form of inorganic salts.

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Original Article

Antimicrobial activity of Hibiscus sabdariffal extract against human pathogen

Mohamad Bokaeian; Mousa Sheikh; Zahra Shahi; Saeide Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 433-439

Abstract

  The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of antimicrobial activity of flower extract of Hibiscus sabdariffal against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus ...  Read More The purpose of this study was to examine the evolution of antimicrobial activity of flower extract of Hibiscus sabdariffal against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus that isolates from the urinary tract infection by microtiterplate method. All 42 strains 30 E.coli and 12 S. aureus isolated from urine culture of hospitalized patients in Zabol ( Zabol, south-eastern Iran) suffered from urinary tract infections during the years 2011- 2012 were evaluated and the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffalobtained by rotary and the minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antimicrobial activities of this extract. The result show that E. coli were resistance to 4 of the agent and more resistance to tetracyclin(63.3%), erythromycin(56.6%) and cefixime(40 %), S.aureus  more sensitive were antibiotic resistance to vancomycin and cefixime. The highest MIC values was found to be 20mg/ml against two E.coli.  The leas MIC values was found to 1.25 mg/ml against three S.aureus.

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Original Article

Invitro evaluation of some iranian plants against staphylococcus aureus isolation of urinary tract infection

Mohamad Bokaeian; Naghmeh Gholipour; Toba Naruei; Saeide Saeidi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 440-445

Abstract

  In this study, Invitro evaluation of some Iranian plants against Staphylococcus aureus Isolation of Urinary Tract Infection by microtiterplate method. All 12 strains of Staphylococcus ...  Read More In this study, Invitro evaluation of some Iranian plants against Staphylococcus aureus Isolation of Urinary Tract Infection by microtiterplate method. All 12 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from urine culture of hospitalized patients during the years 2012- 2013. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of plant extract and essential oilagainst bacteria were determined using micro dilution broth method at six different concentrations. The result showed that the antibiotic susceptibility of S.aureus isolates was evaluated for 6 antimicrobial.Antibiotic susceptibility of S.aureus isolates was evaluated for 6 antimicrobial and more resistance were to oxacillin(83.3%), ceftazidime(66.6%) and penicillin(50%). The highest MIC values of extract were found to be 2.5 mg/ml against S.aureus andone of MIC value for S.aureus was 0.62mg/ml. This study also confirm the antimicrobial potential of investigated plants and their usefulness in treatment of resistance microorganisms gram-positive.

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Original Article

Influence of Compost and Biofertilizer on yield and essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.)

Farnaz Shahmohammadi; Mohammad Taghi Darzi; Mohammadreza Haj Seyed Hadi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 446-455

Abstract

  In order to study the influence of compost and biofertilizer on yield and essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base ...  Read More In order to study the influence of compost and biofertilizer on yield and essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.), an experiment was conducted as factorial experiment in the base of randomized complete blocks design with eight treatments and three replications at research field of Agriculture Company of Ran in Firouzkuh of Iran in 2012. The factors were compost in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha) and biofertilizer, mixture of Azotobacter chroococcumandAzospirillum lipoferum in two levels (non-inoculated and inoculated seeds). The present results have shown that compost had significant effects on evaluated traits except essential oil content, as the highest seed yield and essential oil yield after using 10 ton/ha compost and the maximum biological yield after applying 15 ton/ha compost were obtained. Biofertilizer also showed significant effects on mentioned traits except essential oil content. The highest biological yield, seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained by using the biofertilizer  (inoculated seeds). Generally, the maximum seed yield and essential oil yield were obtained with the application of 10 ton/ha compost and biofertilizer.

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Original Article

Genetic diversity of promising lines of barley based on pheno-morphological traits in Ardabil area

Alireza Khajavi; Saeed Aharizad; Mostafa Ahmadizadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 456-462

Abstract

  To evaluate the genetic diversity in twenty barley genotypes, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was done at Agriculture Researches Station ...  Read More To evaluate the genetic diversity in twenty barley genotypes, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was done at Agriculture Researches Station of Ardabil, Iran in 2009-10. Investigated traits of this study was included days to flowering, plant height, 1000 seed weight, number of infertile tiller, number of seed per spike, harvest index, days to maturity, straw yield and grain yield. The comparison of means indicated that the genotypes 14, 19, 10, 20 and 16 were placed in the superior group from most traits points of views. It had been an indicator of high potential of the genotypes from agronomy and morphological points of views. Therefore, considering the results of mean comparison of the traits, these genotypes can be introduced as the superior genotypes. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis method and varimax rotation indicate that three important factors accounted 87.55% of the total variation among traits. The second factor that accounted for 34.69% of the total variations had a positive relationship with the number of grain spike, grain yield, grain weight 1000 and harvest index. Therefore we introduced the second factor as an effective factor in increasing the grain yield.

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Original Article

Assessment of Tasoki-Rigchah critical area in wind erosion production in Sistan plain

Alireza Shahryary

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 463-472

Abstract

  In order to determine the source and critical areas of wind Erosion, Sistan Plain, IRIFR-E.A method was applied. According to geomorphological investigations, the studied area consists ...  Read More In order to determine the source and critical areas of wind Erosion, Sistan Plain, IRIFR-E.A method was applied. According to geomorphological investigations, the studied area consists of the following two main units namely: Pediment with 1 type and 8 geomorphological facies, and playa with 2 types of flatland and desert type that includes 9 geomorphological facies. On the basis of sediment, the facies in piedmont were divided into 3 groups so that, 2 facies (1-1-4, 1-1-3) have sediment delivery by 500-1500 tons/km²/y while, 4 facies (1-1-2, 1-1-8, 1-1-11) have 1500-6000 tons/km²/y sediment delivery, and 3 facies of covered pediment (1-1-5, 1-1-6, 1-1-7) have more than 6000 tons/km²/y sediment delivery. Therefore, the mean sediment delivery of piedmont (covered pediment type) is about 5500-39000 tons/km²/y. In playa unit, four facies (2-1-4, 2-1-5, 2-1-6 and 2-1-8) have 500-1500 tons/km²/y sediment load and three facies (1-1-2, 2-1-3, 2-1-7) carry 1500-6000 tons/km²/y, and two facies (2-1-2, 2-2-1) have more than 6000 tons/km²/y sediment load and total sediment load is 8000-30000 tons/km²/y. Morphoscopic study and investigation of the relationship between sediment grain diameter (D) and transport distance in 18 cases, it was shown that all samples except of one, transport distance is 5-20 km. Therefore the source of sediment is close to the sedimentation area. Dominant and erosive winds in the study area are from North and NW. Also due to drought, the erosive winds carry a considerable amount of sand especially during the summer and spring seasons and it has been intensified considering that, Hamoon and Hirman Rivers are dry.

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Original Article

Endozoochorous seed dispersal of plant species in semi-steppe rangelands

Sepideh Fazelian; Pejman Tahmasebi Kohyani; Hamze Ali Shirmardi

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 473-486

Abstract

  During last two decades studies on endozoochorous seed dispersal indicated that a large numbers of plant seeds are potentially dispersed and suceefully germinated via animal dung. However, ...  Read More During last two decades studies on endozoochorous seed dispersal indicated that a large numbers of plant seeds are potentially dispersed and suceefully germinated via animal dung. However, very little is known about the relative importance of endozoochory in germination success of plant species in semi-steppe rangelands. In this paper we examined dung germinating seed content, seed deposition patterns of different domestic animals (Cattle, Sheep and goat), ecologicalcorrelate with seed traits(Seed weight, length, width and shape) and the possible correlate of  dung seed content characteristics with vegetation in a simulated feeding experiment. 39 native plant species were fed to domestic animals and their germination successes were recorded in a simulated glasshouse experiment.

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Original Article

The Effect of floodingand nutrition levels on reproductive growth stages of aerenchyma formation and ethylene production in soybean (Glycine max L)

M. Kadempir; S. Galeshi; A. Soltani; F. Ghaderifar

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 487-495

Abstract

  To survey the effects of flooding during the reproductive growth stages of aerenchyma formation and ethylene production in soybean cultivar DPX experiment  the completely randomized ...  Read More To survey the effects of flooding during the reproductive growth stages of aerenchyma formation and ethylene production in soybean cultivar DPX experiment  the completely randomized factorial was in 2012 in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Factors examined include nutrition levels in three levels (1 - inoculated with bacteria JaponicumBradyRhizobium 2 - non-inoculated plus nitrogen fertilizer (urea) 3 - non-inoculated without nitrogen fertilizer) and the second factor is the duration ofwaterlogging stress (0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Based on the results obtained with increasing duration of flooding stress on the plant, ethylene production increases. The slope was slowly at first and then increases exponentially. Among the nutritional treatment of ethylene production , non-inoculated plus nitrogen treatments was higher than the other two treatments, and the non-inoculated treatments without fertilizer lowest ethylene production was observed. Images of cross sections of soybean plants showed that the stress increases with the duration of flooding stress signsaerenchyma tissue formation was observed in soybean plants. 15 days of flooding treatment aerenchyma tissue formation was observed at all levels of nutrition.

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Original Article

The effect of florfenicol egg-injection on embryonated chicken egg

Hadi Tavakkoli; Amin Derakhshanfar; Samaneh Noori Gooshki

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 496-503

Abstract

  Pathogens are an important and significant hazard for human and animal health. In recent years, antibiotics are used to treat different types of infection caused by bacterial agents. ...  Read More Pathogens are an important and significant hazard for human and animal health. In recent years, antibiotics are used to treat different types of infection caused by bacterial agents. In veterinary medicine, antibiotics injected into hatching eggs to eliminate pathogens and prevention of egg transmission of disease, but the adverse effects of drugs have always been a major concern. There is scantly information available about the safety and pathological alterations of florfenicol drug in embryonated eggs. The objective of this study was to investigate using of various dosages of florfenicol solution for in ovo administration in chicken embryo. Fertile chicken eggs were divided into four equal treatment groups as follows: group 1: no injected group. Group 2: phosphate buffered saline-injected group; whose individuals were injected with phosphate buffered saline. Groups 3 and 4 whose individuals were injected with florfenicol injectable solution at a dosage of 20 and 30 mg per Kg egg-weight, respectively. Embryos were re-incubated post-treatment and allowed to develop until day 18 after which; they were examined for macroscopic and microscopic lesions. Results showed that embryos were normal in all treatment groups. Microscopically, no lesions were also diagnosed in tissues. Based on macroscopic and microscopic findings, it is concluded that florfenicol at above-mentioned concentration is not toxic for the chicken embryo. So, florfenicol egg-injection can be used toeliminate pathogens and prevention of egg transmission of the diseasewithout any adverse effect.

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Original Article

Bioinformatics Comparison of Codon Usage of Genes Encoding Phosphate Transporter in Terms of Salt Tolerance, Day Length, Temperature and Pollination in Different Plants

Mohammad Fazel Soltani; Morteza Hadizadeh; Mohammad Javad Soltani Banavandi; Azadeh Yazdizadeh; Abbas Alemzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 504-509

Abstract

  In order to study and compare the phosphate transporter gene codon usage and it's respond to the traits like salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and temperature in different plants, ...  Read More In order to study and compare the phosphate transporter gene codon usage and it's respond to the traits like salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and temperature in different plants, 100 isoform from 10 plants are extracted from NCBI website and then analyzed with Gene Infinity and Minitab 16 software. The result shows that the highest codon usage similarity (81.95%) was for wheat and oryza (annual, self-polinated and Psychrophilic) from Poaceae family. The result for poaceae family shows that the highest mean abundance was for codons that have U or G at the end. In this study Cucurbita maxima (salt tolerance, annual and cross pollinated) have the lowest codon usage similarity (70.37%) in compare with other plants in this study. The highest difference between families was for Fabaceae (77.64%) but they are divided in one group at the cluster. So the results show that the families that have lowest distance have the highest codon usage similarity in terms of salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and temperature. It is conceivable that a direct relationship would exist between preferred codons and division of plant families.

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Original Article

Relationship Between Sick Building Syndrome With Headache and Drowsiness

Hamid Kasnavi Yazdi; Yaser Fathalizadeh

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 510-516

Abstract

  Based on previous researches and current research indoor contaminations in most of the time were more than outdoor contaminations. In according to, most of our times have been spent ...  Read More Based on previous researches and current research indoor contaminations in most of the time were more than outdoor contaminations. In according to, most of our times have been spent in indoor environments (85-90%), therefore, it is necessary to investigate indoor environments. Symptoms of sick building syndrome are Headache, dizziness, drowsiness. Unknown reasons of disease above mentioned and improvement and Fixing problems have emerged in people after moving from these buildings.   In this research, we investigated basic symptoms of syndrome in illnesses of sick buildings. We designed a questionnaire and asked from male of dormitory residence. Questions of the questionnaire were more about known symptoms of buildings (Shortness of breath, inflammation, swelling and burning eyes, runny nose, malaise and fatigue, drowsiness, headache). Results of research indicated that lack of ventilation system, noises, contaminated materials, cars smoke, noses of crowded streets and high humidity are that most important reasons of sick  building syndrome respectively.

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Original Article

A research on Existence and Special Activities of Acinetobacter in Different Cheese

Mahnaz Valizade Koohi; Mahmood Rezazad Bari; Faranak Mehrnoosh; Mohamad Alizade Khaled Abad

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 517-525

Abstract

  The objective of this study was to identify Acinetobacter in a traditional cheese from west Azarbaijan, Iran, and to study the lipolytic and proteolytic activities of these bacteria ...  Read More The objective of this study was to identify Acinetobacter in a traditional cheese from west Azarbaijan, Iran, and to study the lipolytic and proteolytic activities of these bacteria in ripening of white brine cheese. Acinetobacter is a gram negative bacteria which can be found in different sources as dairy products. Lypolysis and proteolysis characteristic of this bacteria and thus its role in creating special odor and taste in traditional cheeses was proved in previous researches. A different province in Azarbaijan, Iran has its own traditional cheese, namely poosti, lighvan and koozeh cheese. Koozeh cheese is a traditional cheese of west Azarbaijan which spends about 3-6 months underground before consuming. In this research the bacteria was extracted and identified from Koozeh cheese from west Azarbaijan and was applied in specified amount and in three different formula as starter bacteria in manufacturing white brine cheese. Biochemical and Microbiologic methods (such as catalase, oxidase, KOH test, Protease and Lipase test, measuring TN, NPN and SN, Lypolysis) were applied. Based on significance of the results obtained from the research, it was revealed that this bacteria has suitable lipolytic and proteolytic activities and it can be used with other bacteria in cheese production in industry in order to achieve fermented cheese with suitable odor, texture and taste like the traditional products.

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Original Article

Codifying A Proper Mathematical Model for Predicting The Repair of The Tractors Used in Shahid Beheshti Cultivation Firm of Dezfoul.

Rahim Amoozadeh; Mohammad Javad Sheykh Davoudi; Heidar Ali Ghasemnejad; Vahid Dehghani; Farajolla Eshraghi Mofrad

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 526-534

Abstract

  This study tries to codify a proper mathematical model which can be predict the costs of repair and maintaining the tractors as precisely as possible for three common models of tractors ...  Read More This study tries to codify a proper mathematical model which can be predict the costs of repair and maintaining the tractors as precisely as possible for three common models of tractors in Shahid Beheshti cultivation firm in Andimeshk-Ahvaz road of Dezfoul. Studied tractors include: Newhland TM155 Tractor which is chosen from the most perfect file of 10 tractor machines and Jandier tractor-3140 of 35 machines. Then we calculated  the cumulative values ​​of the two sets of data was used for different years of tractors working  fitted to the final performance of the mathematical model of the six (linear exponential reverse multiple, second and third degree ) the by method of least squares and use of an computer software. With this operation, the most proper model of estimating maintenance cost for all three types of tractors is obtained as a multiplicative model and the corresponding parameters were calculated. In addition, the final model which is the best fit for a cumulative repair costs for operating hours of all tractors, was determined by multiplying. In order to determine the economic life (replacement age) 61 tractors in three different models based on price, the amount of interest rate and annual depreciation was calculated for each model and used along with the annual cost of maintenance for determining the economic life.

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Original Article

Andropause: Results of A Comprehensive Surveillance of Prevalence and Risk Factors on 906 Patients (ACoSPF-2010)

Esmaeil Samizadeh; Shahla Khosravi; Ali Samizadeh; Soheila Dabiran

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 535-544

Abstract

  Introduction: Andropause is a common clinical entity of advanced age, with a decline in androgen levels in males. Many of the signs of male aging are results of this condition with ...  Read More Introduction: Andropause is a common clinical entity of advanced age, with a decline in androgen levels in males. Many of the signs of male aging are results of this condition with significant decline in their quality of life and adverse effects on multiple organ systems function. Androgen Deficiency of the Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire is one of the most applied screening tools for androgen deficiency. Few studies have examined the prevalence of this condition and reports on the relationship of potential risk factors especially at the population level are scarce. Material and Methods: We conducted an analytic cross-sectional study on a nationally representative sample of 906 Iranian male adults aged 40 to 88 years in a population based surveillance of prevalence and risk factors. A combined questionnaire comprising ADAM and Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) followed by questions regarding the risk factors was administered to each patient. Frequency of positive response to each question and the impact of risk factors on andropause were evaluated. Results: Out of the total population, 873 cases were included. Totally, 185(20.6%) of the subjects were diagnosed with andropause. The mean age of andropause was higher than non-andropause group, 70.20±9.42 and 65.61±11.64, respectively. The most frequent positively responded questions were number 1 and 7, respectively. Age, marital status, level of education and occupation, history of cigarette smoking, depression, hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, glucocorticoid consumption, hepatic, renal and cardiac disease, independently had significant impact on andropause development our univariate analysis(P<0.05). Age, marital status, level of education, cigarette smoking and history of depression, hypertension, diabetes and cardiac disease were associated with a greater risk, in multivariate analysis(P<0.05). Conclusions: The high prevalence of andropause in our population points out the necessity to improve the social and medical health to prevent the condition that has serious consequences on patients’ quality of life.

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Original Article

Codifying A Proper Mathematical Model for Predicting The Replace Age of The Tractors Used in Shahid Beheshti Cultivation Firm of Dezfoul

Rahim Amoozadeh; Mohammad Javad Sheykh Davoudi; Heidar Ali Ghasemnejad

Volume 2, Issue 2 , February 2014, Pages 545-552

Abstract

  Predicting the maintenance and management costs and replacement age of tractors in agricultural mechanized units, is important from several points. So, doing a timely agricultural operations, ...  Read More Predicting the maintenance and management costs and replacement age of tractors in agricultural mechanized units, is important from several points. So, doing a timely agricultural operations, more accurate measure of the amount of income  including the cost of these items , determining the useful life of old tractors , replacement age, cost of the process changes and the possibility of examining the undesirable causes of increase in costs are considered. The main data collected for this study include: the amount of the annual maintenance costs which are obtained of three major maintenance costs (spare parts, maintenance fee, and lubricants). The amount of annual work of tractors is obtained, too. Separating the cost items shows that the cost of spare parts is highest among the total maintenance costs.  The final model obtained in this study compared with some other sources indicates that the cumulative amount of these expenses as a percentage of the original price of the model resource estimate is lower than other models. The main reason which has been reported is the difference of maintenance costs (especially in the early years of the operation of tractors) with an initial price of tractors in comparison with other sources.  Finally, the economic life of the machines (the optimal replacement age) was estimated for each model of tractor. Results indicate that among the three models, estimated useful life of the John Deere 3140 Tractor and TM155-Newhland has been minimum and maximum, respectively.

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