International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Original Article

Investigation of Mutation in Chitinase Gene in Gamma Radiated Mutants of Trichoderma Harzianum by STS Marker

S. Shahbazi; H. Askari; A. Mohamadi; T. Naseripour

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 1-10

Abstract

  Effects of induced mutation via gamma irradiated with 250 Gy dose (in Nuclear Agriculture Research School- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute) on Trichoderma harzianum ...  Read More Effects of induced mutation via gamma irradiated with 250 Gy dose (in Nuclear Agriculture Research School- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute) on Trichoderma harzianum conidiaon chitinase activity by STS molecular marker have been evaluated in this study. Among 20 irradiated mutants which selected via improved antagonistic capability against Rhizoctonia solani, PCR amplified chitinase mutated genes with their nested primers produced different sizes of amplified regions between 500- 700 bp, which showed polymorphism in compare with control (non-irradiated) isolate. Dual culture test showed that, more than 93% of mutated isolates have statistically more antagonistic capability against R.solani than its parental isolate, maybe resulted of enhancement in fungal cell wall degrading enzymes production. STS analysis data proved that in considerable mutants, induced mutation placed in chitinase gene. According to these results, bio-control capability of T. harzianum could be improved through gamma radiation.

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Original Article

Evaluation the Effect of Water Stress and Foliar Application of Fe Nanoparticles on Yield, Yield Components and oil Percentage of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorious L.)

Farinaz Davar Zareii; Arash Roozbahani; Amir Hosnamidi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 11-20

Abstract

  To study the impact of iron nanoparticles foliar application on mitigating the effects of drought stress on yield, yield components and oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower cultivar, ...  Read More To study the impact of iron nanoparticles foliar application on mitigating the effects of drought stress on yield, yield components and oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower cultivar, an experiment was carried out in 2012 in the Agricultural Research Farm Station of Islamic Azad University, Roudehen branch as split plot in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. In this experiment, the major factor of drought stress treatment included four levels (optimum irrigation, stopping the irrigation at flowering stage, stopping the irrigation at seed formation stage and stopping the irrigation at two stages of flowering and seed formation). The minor treatment factor consisted of Fe nanoparticles foliar application at four levels (non-applying the foliar, foliar application at flowering stage, foliar application at seed formation stage and foliar application at two stages of flowering and seed formation). After data analysis by SAS software, the parameters including analyses of variance and means were compared using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at probability level of 5%. The results showed that the effects of drought stress and Fe nanoparticles were significant at probability level of 1% on traits such as the number of boll per branch, number of seeds per boll, the thousand seed weight and yield at probability level of 1%. Among the levels of drought stress, the highest yield and yield components losses were seen for most of the traits and between the levels of 2 times drought stress. The maximum yield and yield components rates related to the control treatment (optimum irrigation). Also, among the levels of Fe nanoparticles, the use of nanoparticles produced the highest rates of yield and yield components in two stages of flowering and granulation. Also, the foliar application at flowering stage was better than seed formation. Meanwhile, the control treatment had the lowest yield and yield components. Finally, the interactions of Fe nanoparticles and different levels of drought stress at 1% probability level had significant impacts on traits, including boll number per branch, number of seeds per boll, the thousand seed weight and the yield. At the end of the experiment, the 2 times stress had the highest yield and yield components losses, and 2 times of using nanoparticles had the highest rates of yield and yield components. Thus, the adverse effects of drought stress can be reduced in this area and similar areas by application of Fe nanoparticles.

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Original Article

The Relationship Between the Chemical Forms of Copper in the Soil Solid Phase Affected by Crop Residues With Phytoavailability of Copper in Soil

Shahrzad Kabirinejad; Mahmod Kalbasi; Amir Hosein Khoshgoftar Manesh; Mehran Hoodaji; Majid Afyuni

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 21-30

Abstract

  Returning crop residues into the soil as a source of organic matter are an important source of copper and can play an important role in the soil fertility. In addition to the role of ...  Read More Returning crop residues into the soil as a source of organic matter are an important source of copper and can play an important role in the soil fertility. In addition to the role of the organic matter in increasing the concentration of micronutrients in soil solution, attention should be also paid to the role of the kind and the quantity of the root’s exudates released in response to the incorporation of different crop residues  in soil.  Present  research was conducted with the objective of studying the effect of the kind of crop residues : Trifolium (Trifolium pretense L) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L), with control on chemical forms of copper in soil solid phase and relationship with bioavailable of copperin a complete randomized block field experiment, consisting of  3 replications and 3 treatments. After 30 days, increasing  crop residues, soil samples collected and were used to measure Cu chemical forms in soil solid phase. Results showed that the crop residues  significant increased the concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu. The highest effect was obtained for Trifolium treatment. Crop residues significantly decreased the concentration of soil Cu-Carbonate and the largest increase was observed for Trifolium treatment. Sorghum  treatment significantly increased the concentration of soil Cu-Oxide in comparison with the control. Concentration of Cu-Organic both in Trifolium and Sorghum  treatments increased as compared with the control. But the highest effect was obtained for Trifolium treatment. Cu-Oxide and Cu-Residual forms showed a significant negative correlation and Cu-Organic form  showed a significant positive correlation with the concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu. Therefore, Trifolium  residues application decreased  the amount of soil Cu-Carbonate and soil Cu-Oxide forms (less soluble forms) and consequent  increase of Cu-Organic which in turn elevated the concentration of DTPA- extractable Cu. Trifolium was the most effective in increasing the phytoavailability of Cu in soil.

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Original Article

Investigation on Effects of Iranian Green Tea Powder in Diet on Blood Metabolites and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicks Ross308

K. Shirzadegan; SH. Gharahveysi; M. Irani

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 31-39

Abstract

  A research was carried out so as to determine the effect of Iranian green tea (IGT) powder in diet on blood metabolites and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Therefore, considered ...  Read More A research was carried out so as to determine the effect of Iranian green tea (IGT) powder in diet on blood metabolites and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Therefore, considered four treatments consisting (basic diet + IGT 5g/kg feed, basic diet + IGT 10g/kg feed, basic diet + IGT 15g/kg feed and one control diet without additive), and three replicates (15 chicks per repeat). This study lasted 42 days. The data obtained were analyzed according to the complete randomized design model. The results this study was showed that effects of supplementation of diet with green tea were significant on cecum weight, TBARS, LDL and cholesterol of plasma (P<0.05). The highest LDL, HDL, TBARS and cholesterol were related to control groups, but, the highest and lowest cecum weight mean was related to 15g green tea and 10g green tea groups (P<0.05) respectively. However, the additives had no any significant effects on glucose, triglyceride (TG), HDL and other carcass traits (P>0.05). In conclusion, this experiment indicated that diets supplementation with Iranian green tea powder; have positive effects on carcass oxidation of broilers and it could be also helpful in decrease plasma LDL and cholesterol and reducing the cardiovascular diseases.

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Original Article

Phytoextraction of Cadmium, Lead and Nickel from a Contaminated Soil by, Hordeum Vulgar L. and Brassica Napus L.

Roya Karimi; Sina Solhi; Mahmood Solhi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 47-56

Abstract

  Heavy metals contamination is a major environmental problem which requires immediate human attention. The use of plant species to remove pollutants from soils, generally defined as ...  Read More Heavy metals contamination is a major environmental problem which requires immediate human attention. The use of plant species to remove pollutants from soils, generally defined as phytoextraction. In order to evaluate phytoextraction of contaminated soils, a pot experiment conducted using two plants Barley, Canola three kinds of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni) with 3 levels in a completely randomized factorial design with three replications. A reverse relationship was found between heavy metal concentration in treatments and biomass production of selected plants. Uptake Index showed that Canola had a better potential for Cadmium, Lead and Nickel phytoextraction.

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Original Article

A Survy on Deletion and Insertions Presented in MRJP3 (Major Royal Jelly Protein 3) Gene in Isfahan Persian Hony Bee (Apis Mellifera Meda)

Maryam Shahriar; Bijan Hatami; Shaahin Eghbalsaied; Alireza Jalaliezand

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 57-70

Abstract

  Objectives: Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. Important ...  Read More Objectives: Royal jelly (RJ), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. Important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of RJ. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total protein of royal jelly. One of these proteins is MRJP3(Major Royal Jelly Protein 3). that Intraperitoneal administration of AmMRJP3 inhibited the serum of immunized mice, indicating the clinical significance of the potent immunoregulatory effects of AmMRJP3. Nevertheless, So far No research has been done to identify the sequence of this gene in Iranian honey bee.The purpose of this study was to survey mutations in Sixth exon of mrjp3 gene in honey bee persion (Apis mellifera meda). Methods: On this basis, According to data from morphological variation of Apis mellifera meda, We chose nurse bees (< 10 days) from three colonies (Farm of Khorasgan University,Isfahan). were collected and stored at −80oC until needed. After studying gene, four primers were designed based on the OLIGO software information and NCBI site. Then DNA extraction and optimization of the reaction PCR, amplification products of MRJP3 gene were sequenced. Results: According to the results of the sequencing of the NCBI website  and check with the software CLC Showed that the DNA and RNA sequences at Sixth exon be seen delesion and insersion in the persion  honeybee (Apis mellifera meda) that different with European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Added area are from 3222-3281 that seen in persion  bee but not seen in European honeybee. Delesion region  in Apis mellifera meda  is  from 3366-3368 that there is in Apis mellifera L. . it appears that this results is common in Isfahani bees. In general, The results of this study indicate, Isfahan bees with European bees are different from MRJP3 gene sequence.

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Original Article

Effects of Dichlorvos Pesticide Residues on Strawberries (Fragaria Virginia) in Greenhouse Conditions

Bahareh Shahnazari; Alireza Jalali Zand; Mohammad Mahdi Gheisari; Jahangir Khajehali

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 71-77

Abstract

  In order to determine the level of residual Dichlorvos pesticide on strawberry fruits in research greenhouse conditions in crop year of 2011-2012, a study was carried out in Education ...  Read More In order to determine the level of residual Dichlorvos pesticide on strawberry fruits in research greenhouse conditions in crop year of 2011-2012, a study was carried out in Education and Research Center for Greenhouse Productions of Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan of Isfahan. Factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with two factors of pesticide consumption and different harvesting hours after spraying with 2 and 5 levels with 3 replications. In order to determine the amount of pesticide residues, GC-ECD device was used. The results showed that between the two pesticide usage levels (twice the recommended dose and the recommended dose), there was no statistically significant difference at the 5% level. However, among the hours after harvest, some differences were observed between the two doses, so between 1 hour after spraying and 7 days after spraying, the residual amount was different. At the end it was found that at the recommended dose and double recommended dose treatments in 7 days after spraying with pesticide, the amount of residues of Dichlorvos reached to allow limit of this pesticide residue (0.10) for export to the Europe Union countries.

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Original Article

Analysis the Role of Ethic in Soil Conservation by Delphi Technique

Mosayeb Baghaie; Mohamad Chizari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 78-85

Abstract

    The main purpose of this research is review of principles, concepts, problems and solutions of soil ethic. In this research by descriptive method and Delphi technique was used ...  Read More   The main purpose of this research is review of principles, concepts, problems and solutions of soil ethic. In this research by descriptive method and Delphi technique was used for identifying soil ethical concepts, soil ethical principles, problems and difficulties of soil ethics in Iran and al around the world and suggestions for improvement of soil ethics in Iran. The population of this research are consist of panel of faculty members of Agricultural Research Center of Isfahan and faculty members of Industrial and Payamenoor Universities of Isfahan and managers of agricultural education and extension of Agricultural Organization of Isfahan (n=35) and was studied by census method. According to results The most important soil ethical problem in all around the world is soil and water pollution, The most important problem of soil ethics in Iran is overuse of chemical inputs in agriculture, Water and soil's pollution by factories and etc., misuse of soil and water, lack of attention to the production of healthy and organic products and etc, The most important soil ethical principles are: Changes in attitudes and knowledge of producers in protecting soil resources, Use of organic and biological inputs and paying attention to the environment and finally According to the results, changing farmer's behaviors to give value for soil, increasing technical knowledge and producer's skills for optimal use of water and soil, emphasizing on religious issues about soil and etc. are the best suggestions for solving the soil problems.

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Original Article

Genetic Diversity of Genotypes of Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Genotypes Based on Cluster and Principal Component Analyses

Masoomeh Rajabi Hashjin; Mohammad Hossein Fotokian; Mostafa Agahee Sarbrzeh; Mohsen Mohammadi; Daryush Talei

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 86-97

Abstract

  Genetic  diversity  is  the  basis  of  the  natural  evolution  of  plant  breeding  and  biological  system  ...  Read More Genetic  diversity  is  the  basis  of  the  natural  evolution  of  plant  breeding  and  biological  system  are  important  components  of  sustainability. The aim of this study was to evaluate 116 genotypes of Triticum turgidum from seven countries in terms of morphological traits. The results showed that high significant differences among the genotypes. The correlation between grain yield and weight per spike was significant and positive, while the correlation between days to heading, length of peduncle and plant height was significant and negative. The factor analysis classified four main groups which accounted for 74.4% of the total variability. The results indicated the presence of high genetic diversity among the genotypes. The tested genotypes were classified in three groups according to the linkage distance analysis. Our findings suggest that the parents from divergent clusters can be used for hybridization to isolate useful recombinants in the segregating generations, the genetics and breeding programs for improvement of durum wheat.

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Original Article

Investigation of Qualitative and Quantitative Effects of Drought and Salinity Stress on the Pennyroyal Plant

Mansoor Saljooghian Pour; Ahmad Ebrahimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 98-104

Abstract

  The effects of Drought and salinity stress on the growth and chemical compositions pennyroyal(Mentha pulegium L.) plant were investigated. This experiment was carried out in a factorial-randomized ...  Read More The effects of Drought and salinity stress on the growth and chemical compositions pennyroyal(Mentha pulegium L.) plant were investigated. This experiment was carried out in a factorial-randomized design with four replications in controlled conditions and plantlets were subject to four soil moisture regimes (40, 60, 80 and 100 of field capacity (FC)) and five salt treatments with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. Characteristics were included stem length, root length, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, Internodes length, stolon length, percent of survival, number of total branches, number of total leaf, length of total branches, biomass and essential oil yields. The results showed that total characteristics were reduced in stress condition. Under stress, reduced growth was observed in all treatments, although differences in sensitivity to the stress among treatments were noted. Stress effects were more pronounced in shoots (leaves and stems) than in roots. Essential oil yields per plant under stress were reduced in all treatments, as compared with untreated controls. In pennyroyal, the oil concentration in the plant tissue under stress increased as compared with untreated controls.

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Original Article

Evaluating the Efficiency of Trichogramma Pintoii and Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Kurstaki on Corn Stem Borer, Ostrinia Nubilalis (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), in Corn Fields of Moghan Plain

Monireh Movahedi; Ghadir Nouri Ghanbalani; Hosein Ranjbar Aghdam; Sohrab Imani

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 105-110

Abstract

  In order to evaluate the efficiency of biocontrol agents of corn stem borer ,Ostrinia nubilalis, experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block by five treatments and four ...  Read More In order to evaluate the efficiency of biocontrol agents of corn stem borer ,Ostrinia nubilalis, experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block by five treatments and four replication, including, Indoxacarb (Avant)®, Trichogrammawasps, Bacillus thuringiensis var: kurstaki, integration of Trichogramma sp. and Bt., and control as treatments number 1 to 5. In treatments with parasitoid release, four days after releasing the wasps, the number of parasitized eggs was recorded. In each plot, 20 plants were randomly selected for recording the number of the larval holes on corn stems. The number of damaged stems was recorded on the same number of corn plants before harvest. Statistically analysis of data was carried out by using MINITAB software. In treated plots by egg parasitoid wasp, the range of egg parasitism was 10 to 28 percent. The number of larval holes was 1.05, 1.30, 1.55, 1.38, and 2.04 per plant in treatments number 1, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. There was significant difference among the treatments considering the number of larval holes. The number of damaged stem in treatments number 1, 3, 4, and 5 were 0.17, 0.59, 0.98, 0.80 and 1.60 per plant, respectively. There was significant difference among the treatments considering the number of damaged stems. Despite this, there was no significant difference among biological control treatments in the number of larval holes and number of damaged stems. The achieved results from present study were revealed that the efficiency of the egg parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma sp. is lower than examined Bt. 

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Original Article

Study of the Effect of Biofertilizer Application to Water Stress Affect on Yield ,Yield Components and Oil Percentage of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.)

Mahdi Aghaalikhani; Arash Roozbahani; Amir Hassan Omidi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 111-119

Abstract

  In order to study the effect of bio-fertilizers  in decrease the effects of water stress on yield, yield components and oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower cultivars (Carthamus ...  Read More In order to study the effect of bio-fertilizers  in decrease the effects of water stress on yield, yield components and oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.), an experiment on split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out  in 2012 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Roudehen branch .In this experiment, the main plot was water stress treatment consisted of four levels (optimum irrigation, cutting of irrigation at flowering, cutting of irrigation at seed formation, cutting  irrigation at in two stages of flowering and seed formation) and bio-Fertilizers treatment as subplot consists of four levels (no fertilizer, consumption of nitragin bio-fertilizer, consumption of seaweed extract and seaweed extract and nitragin biofertilizer respectively). Data were analyzed by SAS program of analysis variance and means at the 5% level LSD tests were compared. The results showed the effect of drought stress and biofertilizer treatment on traits such as number of seeds per boll, seed thousand weight and yield at 1% level was significant and effect of treatments on. Between stress levels, the highest yield and yield component losses for most traits and between levels 2 and the highest yield stress was observed in the control treatment (optimum irrigation) Also, between the used levels of biofertilizers, nitragin with seaweed extract produced the highest yield and usage of of nitragin was better than algae extracts and in the control treatment had the lowest yield. Finally effect of different levels of biofertilizers and different level of drought stress on plant height, chlorophyll b, number of seeds per boll, seed thousand weight, oil percentage and yield in 1% probability level and on the boll number per each branch in 5% probability level was significant. At the end, 2 times stress has greatest losses and nitragin with seaweed extract has highest level in yield and yield components. So in this area and similar areas can reduce the side effects of drought by using biofertilizers.

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Original Article

Effect of Manure and Foliar Application of Zinc and Manganese on Yield and Yield Components in Soybeans (Glycine Max L., Var. Williams)

Meysam Karami; Hamidreza Balouchi; Alireza Yadavi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 120-128

Abstract

  In order to study the effect of different levels of the manure and foliar application of Zn and Mn fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of soybeans (var. Williams), ...  Read More In order to study the effect of different levels of the manure and foliar application of Zn and Mn fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of soybeans (var. Williams), a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2012. Treatments involved three levels of fertilizer: manure (zero as control; six and 12 t/ha), two levels of Mn (zero-control; three g/l) and Zn (zero as control; three g/l). The traits studied were the number of pods on the plant, number of grains in a pod, 100 grain weight, percentage of grain oil, percentage of grain protein, height, chlorophyll content, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Results showed that biological yield, plant height, and grain yield were significantly affected by the application of manure, Mn, and Zn, respectively. Manure × Mn × Zn interaction had a significant influence on percentage of grain oil and protein. When the control treatment was applied in the absence of Mn, the maximum plant height was 39.92 cm, maximum grain yield was about 59.167 g/m2, and harvest index was about 23.33%. The lowest harvest index value was observed for six t/ha manure and no Mn (14.5). The maximum percentage of grain oil and protein were obtained for six t/ha manure applied with the foliar application of Zn and Mn (26.63 and 37.3%, respectively). The minimum oil percentage was obtained for no manure, no Zn and Mn (16%). The results indicated that six t/ha manure application followed by foliar application of Mn and Zn is the most suitable fertilization treatment for good growth of soybeans var. Williams in the same conditions of this experiment.

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Original Article

The Study of Ultrasonic Waves on Dormancy-Breaking in Ferula Assa-Foetida, Ferula Gummusa and Myrtus Communis

Sedigheh Rezaeyan; Mahsa Rafati Alashti; Somayyeh Ahmadi Ghasem Kheyli; Azadeh Khonsari; Mahdi Nasiri Seyed; Nargess Abdali

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 129-133

Abstract

  Medical plants are adapted to different kinds of dormancy to survive in the worst situations. Regarding to ecological viewpoint, this kind of adaptation is very important in respect ...  Read More Medical plants are adapted to different kinds of dormancy to survive in the worst situations. Regarding to ecological viewpoint, this kind of adaptation is very important in respect to restriction of genetic draft and decrease of genetic resource of medicinal plants. This leads to plant survival even after prolonged drought. Since some of them are endangered species and in the other hand increasing in the production and culture of medicinal plants this turns to a problem.  To overcome this problem scientists apply different kinds of treatments (like heat, chemical and physical treatments).So to overcome the germination problem of F. assa-foetida, F. gummusa and Myrtus communis, four different times of 42 KHz ultrasonic waves (0, 4, 8 and 12minutes) were applied on the seeds of this plant. The experiment was conducted based on completely randomized block design with four replications. The collected data were evaluated by SPSS 14. The essential oil of seeds was obtained by hydrodistillation. Oil of the best treatment of F. gummusa was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. In the current study we reported the existence of F. assa-foetida in Oshtorankoh mountain for first time. Treatment Results showed that: There were significant differences between ultrasonic waves’ treatments (4, 8 and 12 minutes) and control (0 min). 30 days after treatments, the percentages of seed germination for each treatment of F. assa-foetida were 35, 75, 57/5 and 62/5% , for F. gummusa were 25, 60, 52/5, 45 and for Myrtus communis were 0, 42.5, 50, 35 in 4, 8 and 12 minutes ultrasonic waves’ treatments and control (0 min) respectively. In this study, 4 minute ultrasonic wave’s treatment clearly provides the best results for all species therefore ultrasonic waves method is a cost effective way for increasing seed germination rate in F. assa-foetida, F. gummusa and Myrtus communis. GC and GC/MS results showed differences in the composition of the essential oil of control and 4 minute treatment in F. gummusa.

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Original Article

Effect of Height of Sharp-Crested Weir on Discharge Coefficient

Abdolrahman Moallemi; Vadoud Naderi; Mir Ali Asghar Al-Ahmadi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 134-142

Abstract

  Weirs have widely been used for the flow measurement, flow diversion and its control in the open channels. Attempts have been made to study flow over different shapes of normal weirs, ...  Read More Weirs have widely been used for the flow measurement, flow diversion and its control in the open channels. Attempts have been made to study flow over different shapes of normal weirs, side weirs and oblique weirs. This paper is connected with the development of the discharge coefficient measurement. In the present study four different weirs in different height are considered for validation purposes. The higher weir helped to improve discharge capacity. At the end, using experimental data an equation to predict discharge coefficient based on trial and error was extracted.

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Original Article

Evaluation the Interactions Effects Between Nutrition Methods of Nitrogen on the Various of Quantitative Traits in Cucumber in Ilam Province

Maryam Noori; Javad Aali; Shahnaz Fathi; Kashi Abdolkarim

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 143-149

Abstract

  Plants absorb nutrients needed for plant type, growing season, depending on soil and yield. Absorb of nutrient 30-90 percent depends management practices in the use of fertilizer. Can ...  Read More Plants absorb nutrients needed for plant type, growing season, depending on soil and yield. Absorb of nutrient 30-90 percent depends management practices in the use of fertilizer. Can be used fertilizers in most cases soil and for foliar feeding can be quickly absorbed into the plant at the proper levels of nutrition in cucumber. In this experiment, was used a split plot in a randomized complete block design with two factors. The effects of three levels: 0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha as well as leaf feeding levels) Concentrations of urea in the nutrient solution, nutrient solution concentration and control Fosamco) were investigated the quantity and quality of winter cucumber cultivars Super Dominos. Interaction between treatments urea100 kg N/ha and soluble dietary urea/ thousand had the highest yield and was best treatment.

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Original Article

Study of Genetic Diversity in Wheat Recombinant Inbred Lines by Factor Analysis

Mehdi Taghizadeghan; Majid Norouzi; Saeid Aharizad

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 150-155

Abstract

  To identifying of the high yielding wheat lines with optimal characteristics and to determine the traits which could be used as the selection index for increasing of grain yield, 40 ...  Read More To identifying of the high yielding wheat lines with optimal characteristics and to determine the traits which could be used as the selection index for increasing of grain yield, 40 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Norstar and Zagros cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured characters consisted of peduncle weight, second internode weight, spike weight, kernels per spikes, biomass, grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, plant height, peduncle length, second internode length, spike length, harvest index, flog leaf area and straw yiel. Significant differences were observed among the lines for all of studied traits, except the spike weight, flag leaf area and the straw yield. Analysis resulted in extraction of four factors. Overall, these values justified 82.26 percent of the entire changes in the data. The first factor was named the length growth factor and the second factor was called the factor affecting the grain yield.  The third factor was named the growth and reproduction factor. The fourth factor was introduced as the factor affecting the 1000 kernel weight. Cluster analysis of these lines based on the four extracted factors placed them in four groups of which the lines in the first group were superior to others with respect to grain yield and other traits associated with it.

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Original Article

The Feasibility of Colza Autumnal Cultivation in Hamedan Province With Focus on Agroclimatic Conditions by Means of GIS System

Nasibeh Solaimani; Zeinab Ashori; Mona Moalemi; Marzeah Torabinia; Afsoon Khodadadi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 156-162

Abstract

  Weather and climatic parameters and their impact on farming plants are one of the foremost effective factors on improvement of crop yield. The potential facilities of various regions ...  Read More Weather and climatic parameters and their impact on farming plants are one of the foremost effective factors on improvement of crop yield. The potential facilities of various regions may be determined with agroclimatic study and exploit maximally from these facilities. In order to evaluate agroclimate of colza cultivation throughout the selected substations at Hamedan Province in this current investigation, the statistics data related to daily temperatures within a 10- year statistical period were employed. Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) technique, Growing Degree Day (Active Day Temperature), and thermal gradient methods have been adapted for computation and agroclimatic analysis. The results of this study indicate that the optimal date for cultivation of autumnal colza in high and cold- weather lands (Nahavand and Malayer) is the end of October. Temperature gradient analysis and DOP technique in various heights at the studied region may show that there is one month postponement in deviation from the optimum conditions for optimal cultivation per 100m increase in height of given region. This point is important in terms of date of cultivation and production of commercial product. According to the acquired farming calendar, end of October is the most appropriate time for autumnal cultivation in this area and thus date of harvest will be the end of August.   

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Original Article

Changes of the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Influenced and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (%ESP)

Sepideh Bagheri; Elahe Pormand; Shayan Shariati

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 163-170

Abstract

  Sodic soil is one of the most common problems of limiting agricultural production that related on irrigation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is one of hydrodynamic characteristics ...  Read More Sodic soil is one of the most common problems of limiting agricultural production that related on irrigation. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is one of hydrodynamic characteristics in evaluating transmission flow through underground levels. To investigate the role of increment of exchangeable sodium in hydraulic conductivity changes (as characterized by the mobility of water in soil) an experiment in the form of completely randomized design with 3 treatments (ESP= 0,10 and 20%), three types of soil (sandy loam, loam, clay) performed and in four replicates. At the ESP=10%, Ks of sandy loam is maximum value in all of these soils, Because the increasing exchangeable sodium levels by 10 percent CEC causes soil and increasing pores. Then, that can be concluded that optimum increase in amount of salt provides the best condition for water flowing. The sandy loam reacted better to increasing of ESP. Hydraulic conductivity has the highest value for a sandy loam soil in ESP =10% and this effect is greater than the other two soils. In ESP=10%, The highest increase in hydraulic conductivity was observed for clay soil compared to the initial conditions in ESP=10% and for sandy Loam in ESP=10%. Loam soil are less sensitive to increased %ESP Levels.

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Original Article

Extraction Optimization for Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Elaegnus Angustifolia Using Ultrasound With a Response Surface Methodlogy

Maryam Sardarodiyan; Masoomeh Mehraban Sang Atash; Akram Arianfar

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 184-191

Abstract

  Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA) and butylated  hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed  because of  ...  Read More Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA) and butylated  hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed  because of  their carcinogecity. In this investigation  optimization  of phenolic extraction  process  frome  methanolic (80%)  extract (v/v) of  elaegnus  angustifolia  through  Response  Surface Methodology  by fulin cio- calteu is  performrd  for optimizing the optimizing the process three factor (time, temperature and solution to solid ratio) were investigated each factor was repeated three times (5,20,35 min), temperature (30, 45,60), and solution to solid ratio (20,35,50). The experiment was conducted based on Box-Behnken design with three factor and three levels comprising a total of 17 tests. During optimization tests in an experiment with extraction conditions as (time:21/66 min, temperature:49/80 and  solution to solid ratio: 32/33) the higest phenolic 105/76 mg Gallic acid (standard of phenolic compound) per g of dry material compound was recorded. Considering the results and graphs temperature was indetified as the most effective factor. In addition, the graphs show that increasing behavior of phenolic compound and extract is achieved when time and incremental. In addition to fulin test, DPPH test was also carried out for investigating antioxidant activity. In DPPH test methanolic extract with IC50= 417/74 µg/ml had the highest antioxidant activity.

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Original Article

Study of Compatibility of Grape with East-Azerbaijan Climate

Sirus Naderi Zarneh; Behroz Aminzadeh; Gholam Reza Din Panah; Saleh Barzegar

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 192-198

Abstract

  One of the major issues of increasing agricultural production, is adaptation of technology to specific climatic variables in cultivated areas. Knowing the weather and climatic condition ...  Read More One of the major issues of increasing agricultural production, is adaptation of technology to specific climatic variables in cultivated areas. Knowing the weather and climatic condition and periodic yearly and multi-year changes of meteorological phenomena and deviations from normal values ​​are of major requirements of modern agriculture. In this study, daily, monthly and annual weather data of synoptic stations in East-Azerbaijan province was gathered from Iran Meteorological Organization and then, the homogeneity of data were examined by run test method. To study agro-climatic features of viticulture, deviation from optimal conditions and the degree of active days index (GDD) methods are used. Based on the analysis of deviations from optimal conditions at different altitudes in the study area, Malekan station has optimal conditions for planting, among the stations. This is important in terms of development of cultivation areas and commercial production of crops. Based on the agro-climatic analysis, South and Northeast regions (Malekan and Ahar stations) are most suitable areas of viticulture in the province.

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Original Article

Agroclimate Zoning of Esfahan Province by Means of Moisture Indices

Gholamali Mozafari; Mona Moalemi; Ismail Nasr Esfahani

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 198-207

Abstract

  The zoning of phenomena based on geographical location has a long history; any geographical zone is a part on ground level, which possesses noticeable internal consistency in terms ...  Read More The zoning of phenomena based on geographical location has a long history; any geographical zone is a part on ground level, which possesses noticeable internal consistency in terms of its existing phenomena and processes. Agroclimatic zoning is mainly purposed to determine agroclimate regions and to evaluate these zones based on their relative utility in order to cultivate varieties of agricultural crops. In the present survey, agroclimate of Esfahan Province (Iran) has been implemented by means of moisture indices so that based on these parameters to determine provincial agroclimatic potentials and restraints for agricultural plans. To conduct this study, several daily rainfall data were used from 27 meteorological substations during time period 1985-6 through 2009-10. The used moisture parameters included the review on history of start and end points of rainfall with threshold 0.1mm, start and end points of rainfall with threshold 5mm, surveying of rainfall thresholds, determining of rainfall rate during growth period, and start and termination dates of drought period. The derived results from this research show that there are many differences in several points of this province in terms of rainfall rate and starting and termination dates with thresholds 0.1 and 5mm as well as various rainfall thresholds and raining in germination phase so that this represents the lower level of annual rainfall in many parts of eastern, northern, and northeastern regions and some central and northwestern areas at this province while western, southwestern, and southern mountainous regions at this province (dry- farming plots) possess noticeable rainfall in comparison to other provincial regions during rainfall season. This may indicate lack of appropriate rainfall distribution. As a result, the received rainfall rate may meet the water requirement for provincial fields and gardens in agricultural planning in dry-farmed western and southwestern regions at this province. Thus, moisture indicators may not be considered as the only adequate and reasonable criterion for agroclimate zoning in Esfahan Province.    

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Original Article

Study Allelopathic Effects of Aquatic Extracts of Swallowwort (Cynanchum Acutum L.) on Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat

Nazanin Faridmarandi; Fatemeh Shirzadi; Farid Golzardi; Tahereh Mojaradi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 208-225

Abstract

  A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the allelopathic effect of residues aqueous extract of two ecotype of swallowwort(Cynanchum acutum L.) on germination traits of wheat ...  Read More A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the allelopathic effect of residues aqueous extract of two ecotype of swallowwort(Cynanchum acutum L.) on germination traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Karaj in 2012. Factors were two swallowwort ecotype (Ghazvin & Moghan), three kinds of tissues (shoot, root and shoot + root) and five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) of extracts. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to distinguish between the inhibitory effect of possible allelopathic substances and effects caused by the osmotic potential of the extracts. Results showed that aquatic extract of swallowwort showed different allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of wheat. The germination percentage, shoot & root length and seedling weight of wheat decreased with increasing concentration of swallowwort residue. Different concentrations of PEG had no significant effects on studied germination traits, therefore inhibitory effects of extracts can be attributed to an allelochemical effect.

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Review Article

Energy Requirements for Tillage: A Case Study in Iran

Ayat Mohammad Razdar; Mansoor Behroozi Lar; Rahim Ebrahimi; Hassan Kiani; Seyedeh Hoda Yoosefian

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 232-242

Abstract

  Energy consumption in Iran is a subject of debate. Some may think that oil is cheap in Iran and thus no need for this kind of research. This simple minding is erroneous first because ...  Read More Energy consumption in Iran is a subject of debate. Some may think that oil is cheap in Iran and thus no need for this kind of research. This simple minding is erroneous first because Iran subsidizes billion dollars each year for the imported diesel fuel specially for agricultural use and second because energy studies reveal the degree of professionally using the technology. We can easily find the shortcomings in our mechanization problems. With the upcoming WTO, you have to produce as cheaply as possible to be able to sustain your agriculture. This is not possible without knowing the ways and means of reducing energy consumption. Having the above subjects in mind, this paper is the first of its kind in Iran to be published and hoping not the last. Data was gathered from 150 farmers in an agricultural area near the capital, Tehran. The area although may not be a representative of the arable lands in the country but serves as a good example for the problems that we may face in the future research works . To compare the gathered data on fuel consumption through questioners, the energy coefficients had to be calculated. Two methods of calculation is described. The experimental data then compared with the calculation results and literature references. Statistical analysis was run on five different farm sizes and for 3 major tillage implements that is moldboard plow, disk and land plane. The effect of farm size on tillage energy as well as the experimental and calculated energy coefficient for the tillage implements was compared. High fuel consumption (direct energy) was realized.

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Original Article

Climatic Zonation Planting Sunflower Cultivation in Kurdistan Province

Zeinab Ashori; Mona Moalemi; Afsoon Khodadadi; Marzeah Torabinia

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 243-247

Abstract

  In the current investigation, evaporation and transpiration potential were also estimated by means of FAO Penman- Monteith evapotranspiration estimation method and Deviation from Optimum ...  Read More In the current investigation, evaporation and transpiration potential were also estimated by means of FAO Penman- Monteith evapotranspiration estimation method and Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) technique by climatic elements (min-max temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiation) during at least 10 years statistical period regarding sunflower phenological conditions in Kurdistan Province. The results of this study indicate that the optimal date for cultivation of autumnal Canola in high and cold- weather lands (Saghez and Baneh West) is the end of October. This point is important in terms of date of cultivation and production of commercial product. According to the acquired farming calendar, end of October is the most appropriate time for autumnal cultivation in this area and thus date of harvest will be the end of August.

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Original Article

The Role of Climate and climatic factors on crop zoning agroclimatic sunflower cultivation in Hamedan province

Nasibeh Solaimani; Zeinab Ashori; Mona Moalemi; Sarah Karimzadeh; Samane Azimzade

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 248-255

Abstract

  Needs of human life from the beginning been an important factor We have been threatened by population growth, food security and human well- Men of science and technology with a new ...  Read More Needs of human life from the beginning been an important factor We have been threatened by population growth, food security and human well- Men of science and technology with a new plan Maintain and improve their food security to make it work. In this investigation, meteorological data have been received from synoptic stations based on daily, monthly, and annually trend from Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO) at Hamedan Province and then homogeneity of data has been explored by (Wald- Wolfowitz) Run Test. Methodology of the research is of statistical descriptive type. Data analysis was carried out by means of Growing Degree Day (GDD) technique and method of Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) plus phenology index as well as thermal potential within environment of statistical software (EXCEL and SPSS). Under agroclimatic conditions, the results of this survey The early days of May are the best calendar for cultivation of sunflower month in all the aforesaid substations. Time of harvesting sunflower crop is middle August for Hamedan, Nojeh, and Nahavand substations while this time is early September for Malayer substation. With respect to the phenological method, dates of cultivation until budding, flowering, and the end of flowering stage and maturation start respectively sooner in Nahavand substation than other substations in this region.

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Original Article

Efficiency of Foliar Application of Humic Acid on Improve Absorb of K than Na and Salt Tolerance in Petunia Hybrida L.

A. Rahimian Boogar; A. Gholamalizadeh Ahangar; E. Shirmohamadi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 256-259

Abstract

  Salinity is a major limitation ecological factor for plant development in arid and semi-arid regions. The ionic imbalance, deficiency of nutrients and degradation of plant metabolites ...  Read More Salinity is a major limitation ecological factor for plant development in arid and semi-arid regions. The ionic imbalance, deficiency of nutrients and degradation of plant metabolites are caused by saline conditions, are affected by the reduction ratio of potassium (K) then sodium (Na). In this research foliar applications of humic acid (HA) for improve the absorption of K under salt stress was applied at 100, 300,600 and 900 ppm with control treatment. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data’s analyzed with spss-19 and means were compared by LSD test. Evaluated characteristics are K and Na concentration, and ratio of K then Na in root, stem and leaf. Analyses of variance results are showed the foliar application of HA have a significant effect on K and Na concentration, and ratio of K then Na in different organs of petunia hybrida L., (P < 0.01). Results of means compare are showed the significant effect of HA on K and Na absorption, and the highest absorb of K and lowest absorb of Na were obtain at 600 and 900ppm of HA. So, highest ratio of K than Na is obtained at 900ppm.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Radiation Use Efficiency of Wild Majoram in Response to Organic and Chemical Fertilizers

R. Yazdani Biouki; M. Bannayan Aval; H. Sodaeeizadeh; H. R. Khazaei

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 260-271

Abstract

  In order to investigate the effect of urea and Azocompost on economic yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of wild majoram, a factorial experiment ...  Read More In order to investigate the effect of urea and Azocompost on economic yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of wild majoram, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Yazd and Mashhad, Iran, during 2012-2013 growing season. Four urea levels and four Azocompost levels (to provide 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N.ha-1 each) were considered as the main factors. Characteristics of the study include the economic yield (leaf and flower dry matter), nitrogen percentage of herbage yeild, NUE and RUE. The combined analysis of two locations results revealed signfficant effects two treatments of urea and azocompost on economic yield (P<0.05). The highest yield in urea and azocompost treatments were equal to 1625.94 and 1768.65 kg ha-1 that was obtained from 120 kg N ha-1 treatment, respectively. Application of organic and chemical fertilizers due to decrease NUE and increase RUE compared to control plants in both of regions. RUE in Mashhad location with 0.9 gr MJ-1 was more than Yazd location with 0.75 gr MJ-1 in control treatment. Overall, Application of azocompost caused higher yields, NUE and RUE than urea treatment.

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Original Article

Review on Passive Defense Legal Requirements in Territorial Planning

Yunes Saadati; Afshin Danehkar; Sharareh pourebrahim; Aliakbar Setareh

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 272-278

Abstract

  Nowadays, given different definitions and conceptions on development, territorial planning lends to for various economic, social and geographical aspects, however its defensive and ...  Read More Nowadays, given different definitions and conceptions on development, territorial planning lends to for various economic, social and geographical aspects, however its defensive and security perspectives have been taken into account to less extent. The present research is aimed to specify passive defense legal requirements in Territorial planning through outlining the most important rules on passive defense legal requirements to develop and train it as dynamic determinant factor in all management, engineering and technical levels as well as a consistent defensive policy to avoid exposing other countries charges among others.

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Original Article

An Analysis of Heavy Metals Quantity Especially Pb, Cr and Cd in Grape and Various Leaves Types of Vitis Vinifera L. Harvested in Malekan Based on the Distance From the Road

Fatemeh Mohsennezhad

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 279-286

Abstract

  Providing healthy food and protecting sources from pollution has been one of the concerns of human societies and decision – making centers so that protecting food from pollution, ...  Read More Providing healthy food and protecting sources from pollution has been one of the concerns of human societies and decision – making centers so that protecting food from pollution, detecting sources of pollution and measuring them become important. Because of nutritive and political significance of grape in this area, extensive use of leaf and fruit of this plant, developing urban areas around grape gardens and construction of Tabriz – Miandoab road which is the most important link between East and West Azarbaijan had us to examine the impact of this road construction and urban environment pollutants such as lead chromium and cadmium on the quality of this valuable crop. Firs the samples were taken from different adjacent places and medium distances far from the road then each place located exactly by Google earth and GPS. Digestion was done through burning dry material and hydrochloric acid and their ashes were analyzed by atomic absorption and in this experiments effects of 2 factors;  garden distance from the main road with levels 1: for 50meter, 2: for 120-200 meter, 3: for above 800 meter. Plant organ with levels 1: for fruit, 2:for leaves on ( Pb, Cr, Cd  accumulations as a variable at the end the results processed by SPSS software. In the tested area, it became clear that, from the accumulation of heavy metals perspective, there is no meaningful difference in existing distance between road and garden. There in a meaningful difference among heavy metals accumulation. In other words increase ratio of one metal to another was different that the resulted differences are shown in corresponding graphs. Interaction among elements and distance between garden and road was not meaningful.

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Original Article

Prediction of Antibiotics Residues in Raw Milk by Using Binary Logistic Regression Model

H. Yarabbi; S.A. Mortazavi; M. Shafafi Zenozian; M. Mehraban Sang atash

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 287-296

Abstract

  medical compounds, especially antibiotics, in which remains in milk and dairy products on the one hand causes health problems such as allergic reactions and Development of bacterial ...  Read More medical compounds, especially antibiotics, in which remains in milk and dairy products on the one hand causes health problems such as allergic reactions and Development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a serious threat to the health of consumers , and on the other hand, industrial troubles such as failure to produce fermented products can cause the milk back to the rancher. The purpose of this study is to determine the presence of antibiotic residues in raw milk, milk in a timely manner after receiving a detailed mathematical model. 120 samples of bulk tank milk were randomly selected from 10 collection centers and farms Industrial in the Province of Khorasan Razavi (Iran). The presence of antibiotic residues and microbial and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Then based on different variables, binary logistic regression model to predict the presence or absence of antibiotic residues in milk were determined using the software SPSS Statistics ver.22.0. Somatic cells and electrical conductivity was the main determined factor of model in summer season equation. Also in autumn season equation, somatic cells and acidity were the main factors. The results are indicative of the relationship between chemical and microbial antibiotic residues in milk.

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Original Article

Optimized Root Production During Micropropagation of New Iranian Apple Hybrid Rootstock (AZ X M9): Effects of Fe-EDDHA and Thiamine

M. Haghgou Tabalvandani; A. Yadollahi; D. Atashkar; S. Kalatejari; M. Eftekhari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 297-303

Abstract

  In vitro propagation of AZ x M9 new apple rootstock resulted of breeding program of vegetative apple rootstock in Iran was investigated. Nodal explants were inoculated in Murashige ...  Read More In vitro propagation of AZ x M9 new apple rootstock resulted of breeding program of vegetative apple rootstock in Iran was investigated. Nodal explants were inoculated in Murashige and SKoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzylaminon purine (BAP) (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/l) alone or with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (0.1 mg/l). We examined the effect of different concentrations of iron sequestrene (Fe-EDDHA) and thiamin vitamin in ½ MS and Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) media supplemented with indol-3-butric acid (IBA) (1 mg/l) on rooting of attained plantlets. According to our results, 0.4 BAP + 0.1 NAA treatment in MS medium was the best component which resulted in the highest proliferation rate (6.73). As well, we estimated the highest root number in ½ MS + 0.15 g/l Fe-EDDHA + 2.4 g/l thiamin.

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Original Article

The Effect of Lightings Period on Eggs Production Precent and Hatchable Eggs Percent in Broiler-Breeders Flocks

Mohammad Taheri; Yousef Jafari Ahangari; Ahmad Heidari; Ali shamshirsaz

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 304-309

Abstract

  This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing lighting after peak production on eggs production and Hatchable Eggs in broiler breeder Hubbard F15. In this research ...  Read More This study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing lighting after peak production on eggs production and Hatchable Eggs in broiler breeder Hubbard F15. In this research we used from 4 growing saloons, that in per saloons were 5250 Hubbards broiler breeder hens. In this Experiment we used by Line design way of GLM for analysed data, that we considered the Effects of two parameters, such as 14 and 16 hours lighting in 4 saloons. The Experiment did during 21 weeks(30-50) after the production peak(29). We study the Effects of lighting , week, lighting*week, day(week), and saloons parameters on eggs production persent and hatchable eggs persent. The Results of this study show us that the lightings effect on eggs production persent was significant (P<0.05), and had a little increased in saloons with 16 hours lighting. Forther more it was no significant on hatchable eggs percent (P>0.05). The Weeks effect was significant on both parameters, and had a natural performance on eggs production uggest. The Effect of  lighting*week Variable and was significant (P<0.05) on eggs production uggest and hatchable eggs uggest, And other Variables are significant on these Parameters. This Observations show us tahs the Stability of eggs product was more in 16 hours lighting saloons in this 21 weeks. The results uggested Increasing the light length for 2 hours after peak production canbe effects on eggs production and have improve effect on eggs production stability.

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Original Article

Control of Bipolaris Oryzae the Causal Agent of Rice Brown Spot Disease Via Soil Streptomyces Sp. Isolate G

Meysam Soltani Nejad; Gholam Hosein Shahidi Bonjar; Fereydoon Padasht Dehkaei

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 310-317

Abstract

  Bipolaris oryzae causes rice brown spot disease which reduces rice yield with substantial global impact. Streptomycetes isolated from rice fields of Guilan Province, Iran, showed antifungal ...  Read More Bipolaris oryzae causes rice brown spot disease which reduces rice yield with substantial global impact. Streptomycetes isolated from rice fields of Guilan Province, Iran, showed antifungal activity against the tested pathogen. From five active Streptomyces spp. isolates, isolate G showed high antagonistic activity. To determine its taxonomical identity, its colonies characterized morphologically by scanning electron microscope. Some of the physio-biological properties of antifungal principle (s) also determined. The PCR molecular analysis of active isolate represented its identity partially. In this regard, 16S rDNA of isolate G was amplified using universal bacterial primers FD1 and RP2. The PCR products were purified and sequenced. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA was then conducted using NCBI BLAST method. Our findings are early steps in characterization of this isolate. We hope to determine its precise physiological criteria including its in-depth biological activity for its future In Vivo evaluation under field condition

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Original Article

Comparison the Effects of Spraying Different Amounts of Nano Zincoxide and Zinc Oxide on, Wheat

Isa Afshar; Akbar RahimiHaghighi; Minoo i Shiraz

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 318-325

Abstract

  In order to compare the effects of different spraying of nano zinc oxide and zinc oxide, the arable irrigated wheat was conducted in two separate trials in 2011-2014 lands of Abadeh ...  Read More In order to compare the effects of different spraying of nano zinc oxide and zinc oxide, the arable irrigated wheat was conducted in two separate trials in 2011-2014 lands of Abadeh city.Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design, with five treatments and five replications.In the first experiment, treatments included the application of nano zinc oxide to five levels ( 0 , 24 , 36 , 48 and 60 g ha ) and fertilizer treatments including zinc oxide in a second experiment at five levels ( 0 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 60 g ha ) applied to five replications. It should be noted that nano-compounds are quickly absorbed by plants in large amounts it can be toxic effects on plants and plant products, consumers can . It would have been chosen according to the amount Nano oxide. Data were analyzed statistically using the software Mstat-c and means were compared using Duncan multiple range test was used. Maximum yield rate of 95/401 grams per square meter of treated nano zinc oxide 60 g ha and the lowest yield rate 28/267 grams per square meter to the control treatments without foliar zinc oxide was obtained

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Original Article

Effect of Different Irrigation Intervals and Anti-Transpirants Compounds on Yield and Yield Components of Black Cumin (Nigella Sativa)

Zeinab Safaei; Majid Azizi; Yarahmadi Maryam; Hossein Aroiee; Gholamhossein Davarynejad

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 326-335

Abstract

  Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental ...  Read More Water deficit stress, permanent or temporary, limits the growth and the distribution of natural vegetation and the performance of cultivated plants more than any other environmental factors. Mechanism involved is still not clear. In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation intervals and anti-transpirants compoundson yield and yield components of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, in 2013. A split-plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Irrigation intervals (8, and 16 days) were allocated to main plots and anti-transpirants compounds chitosan (0, 0/25, 0/5, 1percent) and plantago mago rmucilage(0,0/5,1,1/5 percent) and gam arabic (0,0/25,0/5,0/75 percent) allocated to sub plots. Results showed that irrigation intervals had significant effects on all of the characteristics with the exception of 1000 seed weight. The 8 days irrigation interval produced more grain yield compared with 16 days irrigation intervals (621/56 vs. 484/23kg/ha). The greatest grain yield(760 kg/ha)and Lowest(419 kg/ha)Respectively at Treatment anti-transpirants compound chitosan1 percentWith8 days irrigation interval and gam arabic 0/25 percent was obtained with16 days irrigation interval. It seems that due to the lack of water in the area, anti-transpirants compound chitosan1 percentwith 8 days irrigation interval is the best combination for Black Cumin grain production in Mashhad.

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Original Article

Incidence of Potassium Sorbate in Doogh (Iranian Yoghurt Drink) Produced in West Azerbayjan Province of Iran

Amir Rahimirad

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 336-341

Abstract

  Doogh is a traditional Iranian drink prepared by fragmentation and dilution of yogurt, with addition of salt and flavouring. Dairy products are favorable environment for microbial growth ...  Read More Doogh is a traditional Iranian drink prepared by fragmentation and dilution of yogurt, with addition of salt and flavouring. Dairy products are favorable environment for microbial growth due to high nutrient and relative humidity. One of the most important parameters in the food industry production and consumption is enhancing the shelf life of the product. Therefore, food additives such as potassium sorbate are used in this regard. While application of potassium sorbate as a preservative with excellent antibacterial and antifungal properties in various foods is common, but its addition into Doogh is forbidden according to national standards of Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of preservatives in Doogh in West Azerbaijan province, Iran, from 2011 to 2014. 172 samples of various commercial Doogh were tested for determination of potassium sorbate. The results showed that 14.6% of samples were contaminated with preservatives and the highest and average concentration of this preservative in analyzed samples was 722.4 and 27.136 mg/kg respectively during the past 3 years.

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Original Article

Integration of Remote Sensing and the GIS-based Methods for Provision of Cadastral Mapping of Agricultural Areas of Ardakan City

Alireza Bamdadi; Ali Sarkargar Ardakani; Saeed Sadeghian

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 342-348

Abstract

  In the fifth development plan establishment, establishment of the Cadastre System of agriculture nationwide has been defined to be the work priority of institutions and organizations ...  Read More In the fifth development plan establishment, establishment of the Cadastre System of agriculture nationwide has been defined to be the work priority of institutions and organizations responsible in the area of agriculture and equity issuance in the country. In this study, the possibility of provision of the Cadastral mapping of agriculture by a integration of the data of the remote sensing and GIS methods was investigated. For this purpose, after preparation of the WorldView-2 satellite image, the geometric correction of the image by three different combinations for control and check points was conducted on the image in the rational method of the dependent land. The best precision for geometric correction was obtained by means of the rational equations of the dependent land with 40 ground control points of 0.43 meters. In the subsequent stage, by means of the area DEM that was provided by the present covering map, the ortho image was created. By investigating the error on the length in the statistical methods RMSE=0.40 meters was obtained which is proper for 1:2000 mapping of the image. Eventually, by integration of the data of the remote sensing and GIS methods, Cadastral mapping of agriculture was produced.

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Original Article

Effect of Foliar Spraying of Ascorbic Acid on Cell Membrane Stability, Lipid Peroxidation, Total Soluble Protein, Ascorbate Peroxidase and Leaf Ascorbic Acid Under Drought Stress in Grapes

Mahtab Zonouri; Teimour Javadi; Nasser Ghaderi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 349-354

Abstract

  Drought is the most common environmental stress in vineyard occurs in soils with low water content, even in irrigation condition. To evaluate foliar spraying of ascorbic acid under ...  Read More Drought is the most common environmental stress in vineyard occurs in soils with low water content, even in irrigation condition. To evaluate foliar spraying of ascorbic acid under drought stress, a research during 2012 to 2013 years in the natural environment, and one year after the establishment of the cuttings in clay loam soil was conducted. Cultivars with two-level white seedless and khoshnav, two levels of water stress control (moisture content of 75% field capacity) and drought stress (moisture content of 25% field capacity or irrigation after 7 weeks) with three replications by factorial design in a randomized complete block design were studied.Drought was affected significance difference at 1% statistical level on  total physiological characteristics. While the use of AsA had no effect on stability of cell membranes, lipid peroxidation, total soluble protein and leaf ascorbic acid, however was effective significantly different at 5% level ascorbate peroxidase. Cultivars in this study showed significant differences at 1% level in leaf ascorbic acid. AsA 300 mg per liter in Khoshnav under full irrigation caused increase leaf ascorbic acid and decrease ascorbate peroxidase activity as compared to control and this concentration in White seedless under full irrigation caused increase membrane stability and under drought stress decrease total soluble protein compared to the control. The results showed that ascorbic acid can affect some physiological responses of grapes.  

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Original Article

Effect of Different Live Foods Source (Culex Larvae, Chironomus Larvae and Artemia) on Pigmentation of Electric Yellow (Labidochromis Caeruleus

Rasool Maleknejad; Mohammad Sudagar; Arezoo Azimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 355-363

Abstract

  The orange-red spectrum of  the skin of  electric yellow (Labidochromis caeruleus) is  one  of  the  idealistic and  necessary  schemas sought  ...  Read More The orange-red spectrum of  the skin of  electric yellow (Labidochromis caeruleus) is  one  of  the  idealistic and  necessary  schemas sought  by  aquarists  and commercial producers. In this study, the effect of live foods meal on the skin coloration of juvenile electric yellow was examined. 270 fish with an average living body weight was 0.42 ± 0.11 g, and average total length was 3.3 ± 0.35 cm. Their sex was not taken into consideration. . The  fish  were  fed  twice  in  the  morning  and  afternoon  by  3-5 percent of the biomass for 8 weeks. The six different treatments (three replicates/treatment) used in the experiment were used. Skin color was measured in below the dorsal fin of all fish. Measurements were recorded at the end of the feeding trial using a Konica Minolta Chroma Meter CR400. At the end of the trial, the carotenoid supplemented diets significantly increased the values of redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*), and decreased the values of lightness (L*) and hue (Hoab) on the tail, body, and head areas (p<0.05). luminosity  (L*)  and  hue (H°ab) were less in fishes fed the diets with live foods and astaxanthin than  in  fishes  fed  the  control  diet  with  no pigment sources (p<0.05). yellowness  (b*),  and  Chroma  (C*)  were  greater in fish  fed  the culex and were  less  in  fish  fed  the control diet(p<0.05). Results  show  that  live foods used in this trial  can  be  used  as  an  alternative natural  carotenoid  source  in  electric yellow  diets.

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Original Article

Evaluation of the Impact of Climate on Cultivation of Spring Canola in Hamedan Province

Moslem Torkiharchegani; behroz Aminzadeh; Mohammad Reza Najafian Gorgi; Azad ahmadi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 364-370

Abstract

  Weather and climate parameters and their effects on crops, is one of the most effective factors in yield increase. Agro-climatic studies could be used to determine the potential of ...  Read More Weather and climate parameters and their effects on crops, is one of the most effective factors in yield increase. Agro-climatic studies could be used to determine the potential of various regions and the exploit these resources to the maximum possible extent. In this study, in order to evaluate the agricultural climate of spring canola cultivation in selected stations in Hamedan province, the daily temperature data over a period of 10 years were used. The deviation from the optimum conditions, the degree of active days index and thermal gradient methods are applied to perform the agro-climatic calculations and analysis. The results show that late March the optimum time for planting spring canola for high-altitude and cold regions (Nahavand and Malayer). Thermal gradient analysis and deviation from optimal conditions at different altitudes in the study area show that for every 100 meters increase of altitude, the deviation from the optimal conditions of planting is delayed by one month. This point is important in terms of cultivating time and commercial crops production. According to the obtained agricultural calendar, the most appropriate time for spring planting and harvest in the area are in late March and late August, respectively.

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Original Article

Areas of Development of Organic Farming in the Mazandaran Province, Viewpoint of Citrus Growers Mazandaran City

Somayeh Jangchi kashani; Ardeshir Mesbah; Marjan Parsmehr

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 371-373

Abstract

  Aim of this study was to evaluate the possible application fields of organic agriculture, the province is a grower's perspective. Because of its accurate and appropriate management, ...  Read More Aim of this study was to evaluate the possible application fields of organic agriculture, the province is a grower's perspective. Because of its accurate and appropriate management, soil and products to help reduce the use of chemicals in production and on track to achieve sustainable development, Mazandaran province is a leader in modern agricultural practices and organic agriculture has the potential implementation, has been studied. The present study applied a descriptive - correlative. 320 growers in the province of 2012-13 years were selected for the survey, of which 175 were randomly selected and interviewed by Morgan said. Data using spss software and lisrel software are analyzed. The dependent variable in the research field of organic farming and the development of independent variables related to economic, technological, social and educational policies and requirements. Among the results of this study variables were significant between training and the possible application of organic farming in the 0/01 errors and significant relationship between economic factors and possible applications of organic farming in the 0/01 errors and technical factors, management, policy social investment and the possibility that there is no correlation between the use of organic farming.

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Original Article

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from Elaegnus Angustifolia Using Response Surface Methodlogy

Maryam Sardarodiyan; Masoomeh Mehraban Sang Atash; Akram Arianfar

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 374-380

Abstract

  Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA) and butylated  hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed  because of  ...  Read More Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidant such as butylated  hydroxyanisole  (BHA) and butylated  hydroxytoluene (BHT) are being imposed  because of  their carcinogecity. In this investigation  optimization  of phenolic extraction  process  frome  methanolic (80%)  extract (v/v) of  elaegnus  angustifolia  through  Response  Surface Methodology  by fulin cio- calteu is  performrd  for optimizing the optimizing the process three factor (time, temperature and solution to solid ratio) were investigated each factor was repeated three times (5,20,35 min), temperature (30, 45,60), and solution to solid ratio (20,35,50). The experiment was conducted based on Box-Behnken design with three factor and three levels comprising a total of 17 tests. During optimization tests in an experiment with extraction conditions as (time:21/66 min, temperature:49/80 and  solution to solid ratio: 32/33) the higest phenolic 105/76 mg Gallic acid (standard of phenolic compound) per g of dry material compound was recorded. Considering the results and graphs temperature was indetified as the most effective factor. In addition, the graphs show that increasing behavior of phenolic compound and extract is achieved when time and incremental. In addition to fulin test, DPPH test was also carried out for investigating antioxidant activity. In DPPH test methanolic extract with IC50= 417/74 µg/ml had the highest antioxidant activity.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Elaegnus Angustifolia by Frap Assay

Maryam Sardarodiyan; Akram Arianfar; Masoomeh Mehraban Sang Atash

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 381-390

Abstract

  Nowadays the researches have indicated the fact that using synthetic antioxidants as food additives in edible oils can have adverse effects on human health. So preparing antioxidation ...  Read More Nowadays the researches have indicated the fact that using synthetic antioxidants as food additives in edible oils can have adverse effects on human health. So preparing antioxidation resources for reduction of oxidation stress effects is important. The aim of this project was, representing a natural antioxidant source with frap test. The present study optimized the ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) conditions to maximize the antioxidant activity [Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)] of extracts from Elaegnus angustifolia. Optimizing the process three factor (time, temperature and solution to solid ratio) were investigated each factor was repeated three times (5, 20, 35 min), temperature (30, 45, 60), and solution to solid ratio (20, 35, 50). The experiment was conducted based on Box-Behnken design with three factor and three levels comprising a total of 17 tests. During optimization tests in an experiment with extraction conditions as (time: 26.10 min, temperature: 44.68 and solution to solid ratio: 29.56) the highest antioxidant compound 36.89 mol Fe2+/g of extract was recorded. TheElaegnus angustifoliaextract possessed a relatively high antioxidant activity and might be considered as a rich source of natural antioxidant.  

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Original Article

The Role of Climate in Sustainable Constructing Associated with Hot and Dry Area Architecture : Studied Case in Yazd Province

Reza Kakvan; Kourosh Mojaveri Smak; Behnam Ghnmy; Shaghayegh DelfanAzari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 391-396

Abstract

  From 60 decade  sustainability issues  and sustainable developing  have opened a way in scientific meetings associated with  environment and urbanization and architecture. ...  Read More From 60 decade  sustainability issues  and sustainable developing  have opened a way in scientific meetings associated with  environment and urbanization and architecture. Sustainability goals are improving of environment situation , less pollution  and at least interference on  land and interaction of  natural and artificial environment , that most of these cases attracted attention in architecture and traditional urbanization of Iran . so , developing  in architecture and traditional urbanization  can be called sustainable developing . one of the basic  features of architecture  and traditional urbanization is  adaptability to climatic factors . this feature led to by least interfering   and pollution  and energy , a city and building with less facilities  can be  provided  comfort  and welfare for its residents  . the goal of this article is expressing basic that  past architecture  and urbanization  focused  on it associated with its climate  for making of sustainable developing . in this article , considered to  radiation  as  one of the climatic factors in different scales , like urban scale , urban space  and architecture in yazd  city  and associated with traditional architecture and urbanization . in Iran , due to having hot and dry climate  a different architecture ( specially in designing of local housing )  adaptable to climate  formed   that in such a space using of local or native construction materials having least undesirable impacts  on environment  and also , reducing of energy by using of local materials , led to environment sustainability  and increasing of buildings durability . so in this topic, try to study local architecture of Iran in hot and dry climate based on environment sustainability  and saving in energy and evaluate disadvantages of modern architecture  in hot and dry climate in cases such as using material which aren’t adaptable to area condition , undesirable designing of building , no saving in energy and destroying of environment   finally , we considered to collecting and presenting strategies  in saving energy in building based on new technology .

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Original Article

Selenuim-enriched probiotic fermented milk drink (DOOGH): characteristics and survival microorganisms

Ehsan Chavoshi; Mohsen Labbafi; Akbar Taghi Zadeh

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 397-403

Abstract

  Selenium (Se) is considered as an essential element for human body. Selenized probiotic fermented milk drink (DOOGH) as a functional beverage to increase Se available in body. The predominate ...  Read More Selenium (Se) is considered as an essential element for human body. Selenized probiotic fermented milk drink (DOOGH) as a functional beverage to increase Se available in body. The predominate sugar, protein and mineral ion of Iranian yoghurt drink (DOOGH) are lactose, casein and calcium, respectively. Different levels of  Selenium (2.5 – 3- 3,5-  4 and 4.5) is prepared and its suitability based on the sensory attributes and survival of starter and probiotic microorganisms in the presence of Se are evaluated. Result showed that the concentration sensory features (color, odor and flavor) of Se-enriched DOOGH were not affected at Se concentration levels below 5 mg L-1 for 4 weeks. The colony forming units (cfu) of Streptococcus thermophilus (starter bacteria) and strains Lactobacillus acidophilus  and Lactobacillus casei (probiotic bacteria) of the Se-enriched DOOGH with different concentrations of Se and control sample (without Se) decreased during 4 weeks. There was significant (p<0.05) decrease in cfu of all bacterias after week 3. Population of microorganisms significantly (p<0.05) decreased at higher concentrations of Se (4 and 4.5 mgL-1).

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Original Article

An Examination of the Ecological Effects of Pure and Mixed planting on the Production Grasses and the Living Place of Weeds Under the Dry Farming Condition

Kamran Taznabi; Babak Delkhosh; Seyed Javad Angaji; Marjan Diyanat

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 404-411

Abstract

  In order to examine the impact of pure and mixed planting on the production of grasses and also the biological control of weeds an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Alashtar ...  Read More In order to examine the impact of pure and mixed planting on the production of grasses and also the biological control of weeds an experiment was conducted in the research farm of Alashtar city of Lorestan province between the years 1391 and 1392. This experiment within the design of complete random blocks (RCBD) with 6 protections which included 100:0 (rouph pea pure planting) 0:100 (pure planting of barley) and the 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20 (rouph pea: barley) mixtures and 3 repetitions was carried out . The experimental rouph pea was considered the local item of the area and the barley item the Sararoud. The results of the experiment showed that the highest turnover of barley dry grasses belongs to three protections of 0:100, 20:80 and 40:60 (rouph pea: barley) in line with what is equal to 3.330 ، 3.143 and 2.690 tons in each hectare and also the most amount of that relating to two protections of 80:20 and 60:40 (rouph pea: barley) was observed as equal to 2.013 and 1.967 tons in each hectare. Also the most amount of rouph pea dry grasses from two protections 60:40 and the pure farming of rouph pea was equal to 1.426 and 1.384 tons in each hectare respectively; and between the three protections of 80:20 , 40:60  and 20:80 from the statistical perspective there was no meaningful difference. The results of this experiment showed that the most number of all of the weeds belongs to two protections relating to the pure farming of barley and rouph pea equal to 28.30 and 20.33 shrub in each square meter respectively. And in all of the ratios of mixed farming the population of weeds was less than the pure planting of the two plants. Also the biggest weight of the general dry of weeds compared to the protection of pure farming of barley was equal to 28.73 grams in each square meter and the least of that was observed in the protections 20:80 40:60 and 100:0 Thus considering the results that were reached from the above experiments it can be said that the mixed system compared to pure farming can be effective in reducing the number of weeds and their non-chemical control and also the production of farm products.

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Original Article

Antimicrobial ‌in Vitro and in Vivo Potential of Five Lichen Species on Fusarium Equiseti and Pectobacterium Carotovora Pv. Carotovora Causal Agents of Potato Rots

Farid Houshyar; Soleiman Jamshidi; Mohammad Sohrabi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 412-417

Abstract

  Potato is one of the main crops which is suffering from the great losses in storage and the most conventional method of its tuber rot is using hazardous chemicals. Using antimicrobial ...  Read More Potato is one of the main crops which is suffering from the great losses in storage and the most conventional method of its tuber rot is using hazardous chemicals. Using antimicrobial potential of lichens can be one of the safe, green, environment friendly methods for plant diseases management. In this study, antimicrobial activity of acetone, methanol, chloroform extracts of Ramalina capitaat, Xanthoparmelia stenophylla, Umbilicaria cylindrical, Rhizoplaca crysoleuca and Anamylopsora pulcherrima were evaluated against two potato rot agents vic. Fusarium equiseti and Pectobacterium carotovora pv. carotovora in laboratory and storage conditions. Bioassay tests were disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory and bactericide concentration methods. Dimethyl sulfoxide solvent on paper disc was used as negative control. Positive controls were considered as %0.2 benomyl and gentamicin antibiogram discs for fungus and bacterium, respectively. There were no effect of lichens extract on fungus. R. chrysoleuca especially methanol and chloroform extracts of had remarkable bactericide and bacteriostatic effect on bacterium. The study with selected extracts in storage condition showed preventive effect of 80% of extracts on bacterium. The most protective effect was observed in methanol extract of R. chrysoleuca. Therefore, lichen extract would be promising biological product would be a potential replacement instead of chemicals.

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Original Article

The Role of Climatic Factors in Buildings Designing to Achieve Sustainable Develop (Case Study, Kangavar City)

Reza Kakvan; Kourosh Mojavery Samak; Shaghayegh DelfanAzari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 418-427

Abstract

  For a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  ...  Read More For a few decades has proposed sustainable developing in different sciences and professions including architecture and urbanization and its origins  is in environmental crises  and also excessive use of fossilized energies in the world. problems such as global warming, increasingly developing of green house gases in atmosphere that its origin  is  in global warming , air and soil  pollution, and so many other factors led to increasing of serious activities against destroying of environment and excessive using of limited fossilized energies  one of the most important factors influencing on making human houses is climatic features, so that, studying of theses factors impact and its reactions on architecture is very essential. and importance of climate and its impact on human life is apparent to every body. the goal is role of climatic factors on designing of buildings to achieve to sustainable developing of case study in Kangavar city, in this area  based on cold and dry climate  in north hemisphere and also in Iran,  attention to buildings designing and form of cold and dry cities that are main consumers of fossilized energies, can be decreased consumption and as a result reducing of pollutions resulting from its consumption. in this article, field and library  study is chosen for studying of topics  and hoped that led to  desirable results in reducing of fossilized energy consumption and as a result, reducing of pollution and global and regional  warming.

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Original Article

Disclosing the Effect of Climatic Factors on the Growth and Yield of Corn in Kermanshah Province

S.R. Hassanpour Avanji; Zohreh Baniabbass; Navid Adibifard; Mehrdad Esfandiari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 428-436

Abstract

  The goal of this research is the determining of planting date and providing agricultural calendar for corn in Kermanshah province using climatic elements of temperature and rain fall. ...  Read More The goal of this research is the determining of planting date and providing agricultural calendar for corn in Kermanshah province using climatic elements of temperature and rain fall. so, at first, long term  climatic statistics are collected from 2001 to 2011  and then  considered to temperature and rain fall parameters like  absolute maximum and minimum  in region during growth period, planting  date, germinating  date, flowering date, rape date,  rape period  and also harvesting date of corn. all of the required  statistics and information is derived from data base of meteorology organization  and information and statistics of agricultural research center  and using statistical methods and SPSS, Smada, Mini Tab, applications  used  for analyzing  and GIS for depicting maps, results show that determining of planting   and harvesting date  based on weather conditions  in Kermanshah province  during studied statistical period, best planting  date id ordibehesht 12th  and best harvesting date  based on planting  date is shahrivar 28th.

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Original Article

Assessment of Susceptible Regions for Cultivating Potato in GIS Environment , Case Study : Kermanshah Province

Mehrdad Esfandiari; S.R. Hassanpour Avanji; Zohreh baniabbass; Navid adibifard

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 437-442

Abstract

  An approach to agricultural management is to select and to identify susceptible regions for sowing according to the climatologic and physiographic condition of the land. Knowing this ...  Read More An approach to agricultural management is to select and to identify susceptible regions for sowing according to the climatologic and physiographic condition of the land. Knowing this enables the farmers to farm in line with the physical and climatologic conditions of the land and to decrease the crop injuries due to the undesirable climatologic conditions. There fore, this approach can be an effective method to develop and to optimize agricultural activities. Thus in this study, with the objective of determining the propitious areas to plant potato in Kermanshah province, we tried to present the numerical map of the land physical factors (height, slope, soil depth) and climatologic elements(temperature, pre capitation, relative humidity, evaporation and day degree) using Geographical Information System (GIS) and to dedicate values to the layers with respect to the potato cultivating need. And in final with incorporation of all data, supplied final map potato plant. The result confirmed near 3/7 percent areas of Kermanshah is very suitable, 16/1 percent suitable, 32/7 percent medium and near 47/4 percent is unsuitable for potato cultivating.

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Original Article

Survey the Effect of Cover Crops in Reduced Sunflower Weed Biomass

Mahrokh Bolandi Amoughein; Ahmad Tobeh; Gorban Didehbaz

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 443-447

Abstract

   In order to evaluate the effects of cover crops on reduced weed biomass in hybrid sunflower an experiment was carried in the research stations, Natural Resources Medicinal Plants ...  Read More  In order to evaluate the effects of cover crops on reduced weed biomass in hybrid sunflower an experiment was carried in the research stations, Natural Resources Medicinal Plants (Samian_Ardabile) with 3 replicates in 1390-1391. The first factor was considered three type of cover crops, winter rye, spring barley, winter wheat with 2 control treatment, second factor was mulch management at two levels (living mulch, dead mulch) and the third factor was two cover crops planting date (synchronic with sunflower planting, 45 days after). Results showed  interaction (cover crop×planting date), had a significant influence on annual weed biomass. Convolvulus arvensis biomass was influenced by cover crops at level probability of 1 %, also hragmitesaustralis biomass was influenced by cover crops and planting dates. Simultaneous planting dates, cover crops with a sunflower had greater role rather than 45 days late in reducing weed biomass. Then the control 1 was found at wheat cover crop treatment, the maximum seed dry weight with average of 176/49 gram per square meter.

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Original Article

Effects of Vermicompost and Manure on Yield and Yield Components of Coriander) Coriandrum Sativum L.) as a Medicinal Herb

Ismaeil Shakeri; Behzad Sani; Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 448-451

Abstract

  The purpose in this research was to study the effects of Vermicompost and poultry manure on yield and yield components of the medicinal plant coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in the ...  Read More The purpose in this research was to study the effects of Vermicompost and poultry manure on yield and yield components of the medicinal plant coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in the Shahr-e- Ghods region. A factorial experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the Islamic Azad University of Shahr-e- Ghods. The first factor was three levels of Vermicompost: (0%), (15%), (30%), the second factor three levels of poultry manure: (0%), (10%), and (20%), and the third factor the mutual effects of these two factors. Results showed that in most studied characters there were significant differences between the applied treatments and the control. Application of Vermicompost and poultry manure increased seed yield, percentage of essential oils, etc., but the Vermicompost treatment caused the largest improvements in most characters. For example, the maximum seed yield (5.79) was achieved with the application of 30% Vermicompost, while these treatments had the least effect on the 1000-seed weight, the number of stems per plant, and the harvest index. The mutual effects of applying 30% Vermicompost and 20% poultry manure resulted in the highest percentage of essential oils content (1.73 percent) compared to the control, while these treatments did not influence the number of stems per plant, the biological yield, the number of umbels per plant, and the essential oils yield. Results of this experiment showed that application of Vermicompost and poultry manure could play an important role in increasing the efficiency of coriander production.

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Original Article

Valuation of Factors Affecting Weaknesses Insufficiency of the Legal Rules Tourism in Iran

Farzaneh Zahedidarkhaneh; Taraneh Saniee

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 452-457

Abstract

  Tourism industry is emerging as a new era, one of the main pillars of the economy, the business world. Many planners and policy makers in the development of the tourism industry as ...  Read More Tourism industry is emerging as a new era, one of the main pillars of the economy, the business world. Many planners and policy makers in the development of the tourism industry as the main pillars of sustainable development are mentioned. In this direction, this research inspired by these changes and therefore Social indicators such as social capital, Sense of place, and so on programming using survey techniques And documentary studies and tools SWOT model quantitative and analytical approach but according to research, Customer has a shortcoming that needs to be revised and improved. These flaws are influenced by many factors come into existence This paper is concerned with the discovery of these factors and to measure their effectiveness Because of their final grade was determined by both the matrix is less than average results show that the average level was determined The management structure factors, the most effect on the tourism laws of failure, and then the content of the law enforcement agents are most effective. Therefore, if adopted and implemented strategies, especially efforts to achieve integrated management of tourism Laws can be achieved good results.

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Original Article

Investigation of Effective Factors on Educational Needs of Rice Supervising Engineers in Agricultural Engineering and Technical Consulting Services Companies in Mazandaran Province, Iran

A. Abbasi Rostami; N. Zabiholanejad; M. Charmchian Langerodi; S. R. Mirkarimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 458-467

Abstract

  One of the most important factors in the development of societies, consider to traning. Identification and training needs analysis, is a prerequisite for a successful educational system ...  Read More One of the most important factors in the development of societies, consider to traning. Identification and training needs analysis, is a prerequisite for a successful educational system and determine the training needs is considered the first step of educational planning. The purpose of this study was to investigate Educational needs of engineers, rice supervisors Engineering agricultural engineering and technical consulting services companies in Mazandaran. The methodological approach of this study was descriptive- correlational. Statistical population of this research consisted of 186   rice supervisor engineers of Mazandaran province, and based on Cochran formula 113 people were selected randomly through  proportional stratified sampling. Data collection tool was a questionnaire , whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts, and its reliability was measured through Cronbach's alpha. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.75 to 0.96. for educational-professional needs assessment of agricultural extension agents was used from  Burich model and according to the mean weight discrepancy  score (MWDS) were rated. The results achieved from  path analysis method indicate that the highest effect on educational needs was related to economic factors with the path coefficient of 0.231. In addition, information resources was also effective on the educational needs with the path coefficient of 0.171.

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Review Article

Effects of Climate Change and Drought-Stress on Plant Physiology

Vahi Alizadeh; Vahid Shokri; Amir Soltani; Mohammad Ali Yousefi

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 468-472

Abstract

  Drought is still limited in most crops is produced. Morphological and physiological knowledge to improve drought resistance under drought conditions created problems important is the ...  Read More Drought is still limited in most crops is produced. Morphological and physiological knowledge to improve drought resistance under drought conditions created problems important is the fact each of these genetic relationships and processes associated with the exact amount of important plant and grain yield is unknown. The other hand, heritability of grain yield under water is reduced. Improve the performance of drought tolerant cultivars based on morphological and physiological components of plant modification as an important solution is proposed. One of the key predictions of climate change is that, in some regions, droughts are likely to increase in frequency and severity. This will have significant implications for the long-term viability of plant populations, especially where water availability plays a key role in delineating species ranges. However, while drought and overall aridity are known to be strong determinants of plant species distributions at the landscape level, much less is known about the ways in which plant populations respond to changes in drought regime, or the long-term impacts that extreme droughts have on plant community composition, structure, and function. While it is known that drought can cause significant re-structuring of plant communities, relatively few studies have quantified the environmental and biological factors that promote plant survivorship under acute moisture stress, especially in topoedaphically heterogeneous landscapes. The capacity for evolution to rescue plant populations faced with increasingly severe drought from extinction is also poorly understood. This places severe restrictions on our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on plant populations in many environments worldwide. In this paper a review Effects of climate change and Drought-stress on plant physiology.  

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Review Article

Application of GIS and GPS in Precision Agriculture (A Review)

Mohammad Reza Yousefi; Ayat Mohammad Razdari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 473-476

Abstract

  Agriculture is a complex system science and the knowledge of it is consisting of much concepts and relationships. Examinations in connection with site-specific farming have been carried ...  Read More Agriculture is a complex system science and the knowledge of it is consisting of much concepts and relationships. Examinations in connection with site-specific farming have been carried out by our institute since 1998. Precision farming is a way of agricultural production, which takes into account the in-field variability, a technology where the application-seeding, nutrient replacement, spraying, etc. has taken place to act on the local circumstances of a given field. The geographic information system (GIS) created by computing background makes possible to generate complex view about our fields and to make valid agro technological decisions. With the advent of the satellite-based Global Positioning System, farmers gained the potential to take account of spatial variability. Our goal was to compare two systems for marking out further research tasks, because in some cases there have been misunderstandings among the researchers, and the information provided by given companies seems to be complicated for potential users. This article provides an overview of worldwide development and current status of precision agriculture technologies and Application of GIS and GPS in Precision agriculture.

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Review Article

Irradiation’ and its Potential to Food Preservation

Mohammad Reza Yousefi; Ayat Mohammad Razdari

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 477-481

Abstract

  In spite of the technologies developed during the last decade, the level of food loss is still high and is reported in many countries. According to the United Nations, more than 30 ...  Read More In spite of the technologies developed during the last decade, the level of food loss is still high and is reported in many countries. According to the United Nations, more than 30 per cent of the mortality rate world-wide is caused by alimentary diseases. The desire of most countries to make food safer for consumption requires better food preservation and production techniques. In this regard, irradiation is an interesting alternative to be considered Food irradiation is a process exposing food to ionizing radiations such as gamma rays emitted from the radioisotopes 60Co and 137Cs, high energy electrons and X-rays produced by machine sources. Some agricultural products are important commodities in international trade. The trade of these products is often seriously hampered by infestation of several species of insects and mites. The presence of parasites, some microorganisms, yeast and moulds are also the source of problems, sometimes directly or indirectly through toxin formation in the food products. Irradiation alone or combined with others processes can contribute to ensuring food safety to healthy and compromised consumers, satisfying quarantine requirements and controlling severe losses during transportation and commercialization. Depending on the absorbed radiation dose, various effects can be achieved resulting in reduced storage losses, extended shelf life and/or improved microbiological and parasitological safety of foods. However, hindering factors in the way of commercial implementation of the food irradiation process are politics and consumer advocacy. This paper reviews the application of irradiation for preserving some fruit and vegetables.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Cardinal Temperature for three Species of Medicinal Plants, Thymus Transcaspicus, Foeniculum Vulgare and Calligonum Junceum

Aminallah Bagherifard; Abbas Bagheri; Hossein Saborifard; Goodarz Bagherifard

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 482-488

Abstract

  In order to evaluate cardinal temperatures and optimum thermal range of germination of three medicinal plants including Thymus transcaspicus, Foeniculum vulgare and  Calligonumjunceum ...  Read More In order to evaluate cardinal temperatures and optimum thermal range of germination of three medicinal plants including Thymus transcaspicus, Foeniculum vulgare and  Calligonumjunceum  an experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study of the seed germination characteristics to temperature. The we used three medicinal plants with 9 fixed temperatures ( 50C, 100C, 150C, 200C, 250C ,300C, 350C, 400C and 450C) as factorial experiment in the growth chamber. The results showed that the effect of these crops, temperature and their interactions on germination characteristics were significant.  The basic, optimum and maximum temperatures were 1.4, 29.93, and 44.66 for Thymus transcaspicus, 3.33, 21.35 and 42.54 for Foeniculum vulgare and 5.23, 33.60 and 45 for Calligonum  junceum.

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Original Article

Effects Drought, Cytokinin and GA3 on Seedling Growth of Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Abbas Bagheri; Aminallah Bagherifard; Hossein Saborifard; Madeh Ahmadi; Mohammad Safarpoor

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 489-493

Abstract

  Priming is one of the seed enhancement methods that might be resulted in increased seed performance (germination and emergence), seedling growth and plant yield under stress conditions, ...  Read More Priming is one of the seed enhancement methods that might be resulted in increased seed performance (germination and emergence), seedling growth and plant yield under stress conditions, such as salinity, temperature and drought stress. In order to evaluate the effect of growth hormones on morphology characteristics and essential oil of basil under drought stress condition, a experiment was conducted at plant research center in Islamic Azad University of Gorgan Branch, Iran, in 2011 year. Experiment was factorial conducted based on CRBD design with 3 replicate in greenhouse. Treatments were include 4 levels priming by growth hormones (control, cytokinin  (3%), GA3 (200 ppm) and combinations of hormones for 12 h) and 4 levels of drought stress (D1=100, D2=80, D3=60 and D4=40 percentage of field capacity). Results analysis of variance showed that drought stress had negative significant effects on emergence percentage, morphology characteristics but reduced priming by growth hormones these negative effects. Results of comparing means showed that priming by combinations of hormones had positive significant effects on study factors compared to other seed priming treatments (cytokinin  and GA3 ).

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Original Article

Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Lemon Verbena (Lippia Citriodora) Leaves

Mahnaz Choupani; Saeedeh Arabshahi-Delouee; Mehran Alami

Volume 2, Issue 4 (2) , April 2014, Pages 494-500

Abstract

  Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) belongs tothe Verbenaceae (shahpasand) family. L.citriodora is chemical  composition of the leaves plant have antimicrobial properties, refrigerant, ...  Read More Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) belongs tothe Verbenaceae (shahpasand) family. L.citriodora is chemical  composition of the leaves plant have antimicrobial properties, refrigerant, anti-headaches one-sided, anti- pains nerve and housing, carminative, helping to digestion, relaxation, dizziness, colds therapy,  memory Booster and etc.  In this study, phenolic compounds of L.citriodora leaves were extracted with immersion method by acetone, ethanol, methanol and water. In this method, solvent type was found as an effective factor on the extraction. The highest amount of total phenol compounds was extracted by methanol which was 25/94 (mg Gallic acid per 100 mg of the extract). Among the solvents,acetone extremely had lower efficiency in the extracting phenolic compounds from the leaves of plant. Three complementary assays, reducing power of Fe (III), DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity were used for analysis of antioxidant properties of various extracts compared with the synthetic antioxidant, BHT. In all tests, methanolic extract, which had the highest total phenolic compounds, showed the highest antioxidant activity although it was lower that of BHT. According to the survey results, L.citriodora leaves with a good source of natural antioxidants for use in food industry's.

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