International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Abstract This study sought to determine the efficacy of metal salt (ZnSO₄) against S. frugiperda. Zn caused an extension in larval development time, and caused a shortening in the life spans of both females’ and males’ at all concentrations. Additionally, several body malformations were observed throughout the life cycle of the insect. The fecundity of the females was greatly affected, with 1045.11, 900.01, 838.58,738.58, and 619.34 eggs/female, for 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 ppm of Zn, respectively, compared to the control of 1210.11 eggs/female. Notably, Zn caused a significant decrease in protein and glycogen levels. The activities of α-amylase, protease, and lipase were also decreased compared with the control. Conversely, SOD and CAT activities significantly increased at all concentrations of Zn. It was determined that the effects of Zn intensified depending on the increase in concentration.

Abstract The PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway is a fundamental mechanism of immune evasion, allowing tumors to suppress T-cell activity and undermine the efficacy of immunotherapy. While monoclonal antibodies such as Avelumab block this interaction and remain the clinical standard, their effectiveness is often limited by innate or acquired resistance, high costs, and inconsistent patient responses. As an alternative, CRISPR-based genomic editing offers a transformative strategy by targeting the PD-L1 gene at its source to achieve a more durable suppression. This review evaluates advanced CRISPR techniques, including CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) for transcriptional repression, and more precise Base and Prime Editing for single-nucleotide changes, that are being deployed to eliminate PD-L1 expression in models of lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma. Studies consistently demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated PD-L1 knockdown restores T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity and leads to significant inhibition of tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, combining PD-L1-edited cancer cells with CAR-T cell therapy has shown enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in solid tumor models. The precision of these approaches is now being amplified by artificial intelligence (AI), which optimizes guide RNA designs to maximize on-target efficiency and minimize off-target effects. In conclusion, CRISPR-mediated PD-L1 editing, particularly when integrated with AI-driven design, lays a robust foundation for next-generation immunotherapies. Translating this promise into clinical reality, however, hinges on overcoming persistent challenges in delivery vehicle efficiency and long-term safety profiling through ongoing investigative efforts.
 

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic condition affecting millions worldwide. In Southwestern Nigeria, unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) is traditionally consumed as a dietary intervention for DM management. The present study evaluates the effect of unripe Musa paradisiaca aqueous pulp extract (UMPAPE) through computational (in silico) and experimental (in vivo) approaches using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Flies were divided into five experimental groups (n=50, five replicates) and treated for 14 days: control, high-sucrose diet (HSD)-induced diabetic untreated, diabetic flies treated with UMPAPE (0.2 g/5 g and 0.4 g/5 g diet), and a standard drug group. Biochemical assays, including glucose, lipid profiles, and antioxidant enzyme activities, were conducted using standard kits. PyRx and Biovia Discovery Studio were used for molecular docking to obtain the interactions between the UMPAPE best binding bioactive compounds (retrieved from PubChem) and the selected diabeticrelated protein targets. Aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) retrieved from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. (2S, 2E)-7,11-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl) dodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-ol (-9.1 kcal/ mol) and 2-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (-7.2 kcal/ mol) showed strong interactions with AR and SDH. Additionally, UMPAPE administration showed no toxicity in the flies at different doses but significantly (p < 0.05) reduced glucose, lipid, and oxidative stress marker levels while enhancing high-density lipoprotein, glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings validate the traditional use of unripe Musa paradisiaca pulp in diabetes management and highlight its potential for further translational research.

Abstract Despite advancements in materials used for restorative dentistry, there is no ideal dental material for every ideal dental application. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical success rate of FRC and direct bridges in patients attending dental clinics. This retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional study investigated the clinical success factors in patients who had undergone direct FRC treatment for the replacement of missing anterior teeth over the past 15 years. We clinically evaluated patients who had received Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) Bridges for the replacement of missing anterior teeth within the last ten years. Based on a researcher-developed chart (attached herewith), the clinical performance factors of the restoration were examined meticulously by a restorative specialist. This study was conducted on 31 patients who had previously (more than 10 years ago) undergone direct FRC treatment for the replacement of missing anterior teeth. The majority of patients used a toothbrush daily and flossed occasionally. Most of them did not use mouthwash, and the majority of subjects studied (83.9%) did not have harmful oral habits (mouth breathing and bruxism). Secondary caries was not evident in the abutment teeth in most patients (74.2%). 25.8% of the patients were without aesthetic defects, but the majority of patients (64.5%) had correctable aesthetic defects, and restoration replacement was reported in only 9.7%. The synergistic effect between the fiber and the composite creates a bilayer restoration that can withstand twice the load tolerated by a conventional composite restoration.

Abstract Ionizing radiation is a well-recognized human carcinogen arising from environmental and medical exposures such as diagnostic imaging and radiotherapy. Its carcinogenic potential is mainly mediated through DNA strand breaks, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), sustained oxidative stress, and genomic instability that collectively drive malignant transformation. Dietary vitamins have demonstrated potential in modulating these radiation-induced mechanisms through their antioxidant, DNA-repair, and regulatory activities. This review attempts to assess the present knowledge of vitamins A, C, D, E, and B complex in restricting radiation associated carcinogenesis. Vitamins C and E are key antioxidants and prevent the formation of ROS during radiolysis and the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids, respectively. Folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 are responsible for regulating one-carbon metabolism, DNA synthesis and methylation thus ensuring chromosomal integrity. Vitamin D, through its receptor (VDR), promotes DNA repair, regulates apoptosis, and enhances immune defense, while vitamin A derivatives maintain epithelial integrity and exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Together, these nutrients regulate cell cycle regulation, epigenetic stability, and oxidative damage. As evidence, there appears to be a possible advantage for combined supplementation compared to single agents. However, the clinical results are situation-specific, as illustrated by the chronic increase in risk for lung cancer with excessive intake of the beta-carotene in smokers. Future trials will need to improve dosage, timing, and personalized approaches for safe use of vitamins in cancer prevention.
 

Abstract Pistacia atlantica Kurdica, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, is mainly observed in the mountains of Western Iran. Given the importance of research and the critical role in improving patient health, this study was conducted to compare the effect of an herbal mouthwash derived from wild pistachio fruit with chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on gingival healing following crown lengthening surgery. The present research was a clinical trial in which the statistical population of patients was randomly divided into five groups (n=10) using chlorhexidine mouthwash, herbal mouthwash at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%, and a control group receiving normal saline (NS). The shade-dried fruits were thoroughly ground using a laboratory mill. The resulting dried fruit powder was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method at the Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center. For this study, an aqueous-alcoholic extract of the wild pistachio fruit was prepared according to previous studies. The extract was completely dried using a rotary evaporator apparatus at the research center, ensuring complete removal of the solvent. Using the prepared dry extract, the herbal mouthwashes of the wild pistachio fruit were prepared at concentrations of 1%, 5%, and 10%. Fifty individuals were included in this study. Regarding the Parotid Gland Swelling Index (p=0.225) and the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) (P=0.656), the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, the difference in inflammation before and after treatment for the MGI was significant in each of the four intervention groups, and the level of inflammation decreased post-treatment. Furthermore, the difference in plaque levels before and after the use of mouthwashes was significant in each of the five groups, showing a reduction. In alignment with the findings, the application of the Pistacia atlantica Kurdica mouthwash led to gingival healing after crown lengthening surgery. Therefore, the prescription of this agent is recommended.

Abstract Ideal implants should possess characteristics such as esthetics, morphology similar to natural teeth, durability, and high strength. Unfortunately, these criteria are sometimes unmet, leading to complications with the implants used. Therefore, this study aimed to compare periodontal indices between immediate loading (IL) and conventional loading (CL) implants. This study included 50 patients with dental implants: 25 with immediate implants and 25 with delayed implants. Inclusion criteria were age over 20 years and willingness to receive implant treatment. Exclusion criteria included smoking, pregnancy or lactation, history of periodontal treatment in the last 3 months, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or immune system deficiencies. Research tools included a demographic form and clinical records collected via a checklist following the acquisition of the institutional ethics code. Data collection involved visiting dental clinics and completing the designed checklist for consenting patients. The mean probing depth (PD) after 6 months of loading was significantly increased in the immediate implant group compared to the delayed implant group (P < 0.01). Based on the results, the mean keratinized tissue width (KTW) after 6 months of loading was significantly increased in the delayed implant group compared to the immediate implant group (P < 0.05). The bleeding on probing (BOP) results showed that 44% of patients with delayed implants experienced bleeding, while 76% of patients with immediate implants exhibited bleeding. Furthermore, patients receiving delayed implants had a lower frequency of bleeding upon probing compared to those receiving immediate implants. Regarding implant location, 56% of immediate implants were placed in the maxilla and 44% in the mandible, whereas 52% of delayed implants were placed in the mandible compared to 48% in the maxilla. The gingival bleeding rate was higher in immediate implants than in delayed implants, while the gingival width was greater in delayed implants than in immediate implants. Additionally, most patients with immediate implants were located in the maxilla, and most patients with delayed implants were in the mandible.

Abstract One of the most significant global health concerns is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in community-acquired infections (CAIs), which affects more than just hospitals. It is causing damage to public spaces on a regular basis at the moment. This review provides a critical evaluation of the etiological framework of community-acquired infections (CAIs). In addition, it emphasizes the development of resistance mechanisms in frequently encountered pathogens and investigates discrepancies in the incidence of resistance across different regions. A great deal of attention has been directed toward the growing number of bacteria that exhibit resistance to multiple drugs. These bacteria are categorized into three groups: extensively drug-resistant (XDR), pandrug-resistant (PDR), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This level of attention is due to the impact these bacteria have on at-risk populations, public health systems, and the effectiveness of therapies. A comprehensive examination is performed of socioeconomic factors, which encompass agricultural methods, environmental degradation, the availability of over-the-counter medications, and the excessive use of antibiotics. We investigate national and international programs that are based on frameworks for One Health and strategic action plans, in addition to examining interventions at the community level and exploring new diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The purpose of this study is to provide a strategy that is both multi-sectoral and coordinated in nature, which aims to minimize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and preserve the effectiveness of future antimicrobial therapies. The method that is being proposed involves a combination of surveillance, stewardship, education, and innovation.

Abstract Thin ewes or very over-conditioned ewes and ewes carrying multiple pregnanciesare more likely to develop pregnancy toxemia (ketosis). Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia resulting from incapacity of the ewes to maintain adequate energy balance (usually in the last 5-6 weeks).Available information about pregnancy toxemia focuses mainly on pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features, early diagnosis, and therapeutic options. However, the pathophysiology and metabolic changes of this disorder remain poorly understood. An immediate and accurate diagnosis usually increases the possibility for their successive treatment and prevention. The objective of this review was to increase awareness of the disease, its likely cause, and practical treatment and prevention measures

Abstract Objective: The inoculation of substrates with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one of the most important effective strategies applied and one of the aims of sustainable agriculture. Methods: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF inoculation (0, 2.5, and 5 W/W) on morpho-physiological traits such as flower and root dry weight, water-use efficiency and antioxidant capacity, based on the completely randomized design with three replications. Results: The results showed that AMF has a significant and positive effect on the studied traits compared to the control. Moreover, the highest flower and root dry weight were achieved in 5% AMF. Water use efficiency, antioxidant capacity and total phenol content were 1.5, 1.1 and 1.3 times higher in 5% treatment compared to the control (without AMF), respectively. The results showed the significant and positive symbiosis between Glomus mosseae and zinnia bedding plants, which led to improvement of flowers quality.

Abstract The poinsettia's species name pulcherrima means "most beautiful" and that it is! Poinsettia's brilliant red floral display held against rich green foliage has made this unlikely species a holiday favorite. Its appealing presentation of the traditional Christmas colors has so endeared poinsettia that it is now second only to the Christmas tree as the most popular holiday plant. Studies have shown that rooting substrate is one of the effective factors at rooting of hard rhizogenetic plant such as poinsettia. The purpose ofthis studyis todetermine an appropriate concentration of salicylic acid (SA) on rooting of poinsettia. Present study showed that there was a great variation in most of the measured characters at P< 0.05 percent level. The obtained results show that salicylic acid treatments have caused the increase of percent of rooting. The use of Salicylic acid caused a positive effect on rooting. The callus percentage was obtained in control and 400 treatments. This study shows that plant growth regulators salicylic acid have a profound influence on rooting of poinsettia.

Abstract A purpose of Zagros forests preservation plan is to reduce degradation factors through empowering woodman beneficiaries and underdevelopment of rural forested areas which appear as scattered agronomies inside and in forest margins, trees cutting for power supply, trees cutting for hay supply or making coal in forested regions. Therefore, natural resources experts believe that, by creation or improvement of sustainable occupation and increasing economic power of woodman families, current trend of degradation would be controlled and degradation factors would decrease by conducting rural youth population toward the jobs with lower dependence to forest. So, this plan with purpose of preservation, restoration and principled operation of natural resources and in order to study as participatory evaluation was carried out that, the results of this plan were suggested as a number of multi-stage solutions for implementation

Abstract Given the role that knowledge management can play consistently on the changes and the need to develop human resources in the implementation of knowledge management on the one hand and important position of cooperative sector In country economics, on the other hand, led to that the researchers study the relationship between knowledge management and human resource performance of the agricultural cooperatives of East Azarbaijan Province. the information were collected by a questionnaire that with on Cronbach alpha 92/7 percent. 207 questionnaires were distributed. The results of this study show that the relationship between knowledge management and human resource performance in the agricultural cooperatives of East Azarbaijan Province is significant and positive correlation. and increase or decrease components of the knowledge management process have significant and positive correlation impact on the performance of human resources. Knowledge held by coefficient 28 percent has highest regression impact on the human resource function variable