International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research

Original Article

Effect of Borage Powder on Blood Cells and Immune System

Abedin Heidarizadi; Kamran Taherpour; Seyyed Gholamreza Mousavi; Farhad Rostami; Karim Ranjbar

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 900-903

Abstract

  This study was conducted to compare the effects of diets Borage Powder and control (no additives diets) on broiler’s average blood cell counts and immune system on the broiler ...  Read More This study was conducted to compare the effects of diets Borage Powder and control (no additives diets) on broiler’s average blood cell counts and immune system on the broiler chicks. Sixty four male broiler chicks (Ross 308) randomly allocated into one of two treatments with four replicates of eight chickens based on a completely randomized block design.  Diets were include control (no additives diets) and BP1 (5 g/kg Borage Powder) BP2 (7.5 g/kg Borage Powder). Results have been shown that number of Wight blood cell (WBC) affected by BP1 and BP2 diets as those increase number of WBC. These results showed that addition of borage powder to the broiler diet improved Immune System.   

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Original Article

Investigating Effect of Short, Medium, and Long Pruning on Yield And Yield Components of Tayefi Grape Before and After Winter Cold

Ahmadreza Mahmoodi Moghaddam

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 904-912

Abstract

  One of the most important operations in managed gardens is pruned grapes. For evaluate the effect of pruning short, medium, heavy on yield and yield components of Taif grapes, before ...  Read More One of the most important operations in managed gardens is pruned grapes. For evaluate the effect of pruning short, medium, heavy on yield and yield components of Taif grapes, before and after the cold winter, in the years 2012 to 2013, A factorial experiment in a CRBD design with five replicates were performed on two factors. The first factor was the number of buds per stem and included the three levels of 4,8,12 buds per stem (i.e., a total of 80, 120, and 180 buds per plant). The second factor was the time of pruning with the two levels of pruning before and after winter cold. The software MSTAT-C was employed to analyze. The results showed that; pruning time on traits such as yield, cluster weight, Average weight of 50 Berry, the number of clusters per plant, and yield coefficient has a significant effect. Medium pruning had the highest number and weight of clusters per plant and then running trend. The smaller berries were affected by type of pruning and Pruning time both before and after the cold winter cannot bring on a positive or negative impact. Overall, after cooling, yield plant is higher than before the cold. Results show that the variety Tayefi responds best to eight-bud per stem pruning after winter cold under the conditions that exist in Tajikistan. This study showed also that yield was mostly affected by the weight and number of clusters than the size of the berries. The grape had the best yield in average and after cold pruning.

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Original Article

The Investigation of Oil Yield of Three Varieties of Black Seed (Nigella Sativa) in Different Plant Densities

Esmaeil Gholinezhad; Behnaz Abdolrahimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 919-930

Abstract

  In In order to investigating changes range of oil yield and percentage attention to plant density on three varieties of black seed, an experiment was conducted in the form of factorial ...  Read More In In order to investigating changes range of oil yield and percentage attention to plant density on three varieties of black seed, an experiment was conducted in the form of factorial based on completely randomized block designs (RCBD) with 4 replications in Saat-Loui agricultural station of West Azerbaijan province. In this research, the first factor (A) contained two levels 20 and 40 cm inter rows, the second factor (B) contained three levels 2, 4 and 6 cm intra rows and the third factor (C) contained three different varieties of Baft, Bukan, and Arbil. The specimens were planted on April 22nd, 2009. The results showed that the effects of plant density and harvest arrangement on grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage were significant. The highest and least grain yield, oil yield and oil percentage obtained from varieties of Baft and Arbil respectively. Oil percentage of inter rows 20 cm and intra rows 6 cm was 31.26 and 33.77 percent respectively. The content of oil percentage in variety Baft was 32.33 percent. Overall, the best content of oil percentage obtained from inters rows 20 cm with intra rows 6 cm in variety Baft about 37.47 percent.

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Original Article

The Effect of Supplemental Irrigation and Cultivars on Population of Safflower Fly (Acanthiophilus Helianthi Rossi.)

Amin Hasanvandi; Shahriar Jafari; Jahanshir Shakarami

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 931-939

Abstract

  Damage caused by water shortages leads to physiological and biochemical changes in metabolism of plants and make them predispose to attack by pests and diseases and reduce the quality ...  Read More Damage caused by water shortages leads to physiological and biochemical changes in metabolism of plants and make them predispose to attack by pests and diseases and reduce the quality of the crops. In order to evaluate the effect of supplemental irrigation on safflower fly (A. helianthi) population of safflower cultivars, an experiment conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions. supplemental irrigation included four levels as follows: no irrigation (control) (I1), supplemental irrigation at budding stage (I2), supplemental irrigation at flowering stage (I3) and irrigation at seed filling stage (I4) as main plots and six cultivars including Padideh, Goldasht, Varamin 295, Zarghan 279, Mec.88 and Sina as sub plots. Results showed that with supplemental irrigation number of safflower fly (A.helianthi) decresed and no irrigation (control) treatment had the highest number of safflower flies with an average of 81.97±3.13 pests in the square meter. Amomg studied cultivars, Mec.88 with an average of 93.31±2.88 and Goldasht with an average of 45.89±6.63 had the highest and lowest flies in the square meter, respectively. The results of interactions between supplemental irrigation and cultivar showed that the highest number of safflower fly (A. helianthi) abtained from I2V5 treatment (no irrigation and Mec.88 cultivar). In general, the results showed that yield amount for Sina cultivar and supplemental irrigation at the flowering stage (I3V6) with an average of 2721±12.35 kg/ha was higher than other treatments.

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Original Article

The Analysis of Things Which influence on Garlic Product’s Income in Zanjan Province

Babak Molaei

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 940-945

Abstract

  Garlic is one of the export crops which has a global reputation in terms of taste and quality. Zanjan province produces 23 percent of total garlic crop of Iran and is one the hubs of ...  Read More Garlic is one of the export crops which has a global reputation in terms of taste and quality. Zanjan province produces 23 percent of total garlic crop of Iran and is one the hubs of garlic production in the country. Effective factors on marketing of garlic is not well studied in this province. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is analysis of factors affecting marketing of garlic in zanjan province. Data was collected through a questionnaire validity of which was approved by a panel of expert and its reliability was measured by computing cronbach's alpha coefficients (α= 0.81). The statistical population of this study consisted of garlic growers of Zanjan province (P= 1250) among which 115 grower were selected through stratified proportional sampling. Results revealed that customer satisfaction and crop quality were effective on marketing of garlic. Furthermore regression analysis showed that variables of household size, farmers' knowledge, agricultural experience, age, area of cultivated land, and the number of services or operations have done on garlic had a significant effect on garlic marketing obstacles. Regression analysis for the other dependent variable i.e. price of garlic on wholesale buyers' center revealed that garlic production cost, market oriented marketing, the cost processing garlic, accessing loans and total frequency of garlic are significantly effective on this variable.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Antioxidative and Cytotoxic Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Salvia Officinalis on PC3 Human Prostate Cancer and Hela Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

Parizad Sarmast; Ramesh Monajemi; Monireh Ranjbar

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 956-965

Abstract

  Background and Objective: Free radicals cause many diseases in human and their neutralizing by antioxidants reduces risk of cancers. Salvia Officinalis from Lamiaceae family is one ...  Read More Background and Objective: Free radicals cause many diseases in human and their neutralizing by antioxidants reduces risk of cancers. Salvia Officinalis from Lamiaceae family is one of the valuable plants in traditional medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidative and cytotoxic properties of ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant on human prostate and cervical cancer cells. Methodology: In this study, in order to evaluate the antioxidative property, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test was used and to investigate the cytotoxic property, PC3 prostate and Hela cervical cancer cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% bovine serum. The extract of Salvia Officinalis leaf powder was obtained through soaking method with 80% alcohol. The toxicity of different concentrations of extracts (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000) on the cultured cells was measured using MTT assay at three times at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Findings: In this investigation, the antioxidative property was inversely related to IC50. The results of MTT test indicated that ethanolic extracts of Salvia Officinalis show highly significant differences at different days. Results: Ethanolic extract of the plant in DPPH method had a very good and the best antioxidative activity, while its cytotoxic property was very poor.

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Original Article

Fungi Associated With the Powdery Mildew of Buxus Trees in Gorgan Landscape

T. Naseripour; M. Shahiri Tabarestani; K. Rahnama

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 966-969

Abstract

  In this research,for taxonomic studies and identification of the fungi associated with the powdery mildew(Oidium euonymi- japonici) of Buxus trees (Euonymus japonica), the infected ...  Read More In this research,for taxonomic studies and identification of the fungi associated with the powdery mildew(Oidium euonymi- japonici) of Buxus trees (Euonymus japonica), the infected leaves were collected during autumn and winter 2012-2013 in Gorgan (Golestan province -Iran). The samples after washing and surface sterilizing, were cultured on PDA medium(with boxwood extract).Then based on available credible resources, fungi Epicoccum nigrum (Synonym: Epicoccum purpurascens) ، Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces. ex Schlech  and Phoma sect hetrospora were isolated and identified. E.nigrum produced cottony or felty colonies that were yellow to orange initially and became greenish brown by aging. Black dots with diameter 100-200µm were observed macroscopically on the colony surface and were called sporodochia. The hyphae were observed septate and yellow to brown in color after 3 days. Conidiophores form clusters and young conidia were round, non septate and pale in color. Mature conidia with diameter 15-25 µm were observed brown to black in color with rough surface, contain multiple transverse and vertical septa and had a funnel shaped base. A. quisqualis formed globose, pyriform pycnidia with different dimensions behind the leaf. Pycnidium was golden yellow when young, and yellowish to brown at maturity, unilocular with a thick wall, no distinct ostiolum; dehiscence by apical rupture of pycnidium. Conidiophores were absent and conidia were  found hyaline, ellipsoidal with dimensions 3-4 µm. Based on scientific resources, this fungus has been found as a mycoparasite of powdery mildew. Phoma sect phoma produced dark olivaceous colony and pycnidia had been found as single or multiple, sub globose with diameter 110-180 µm. Pycniospores were abundant, mainely oval or spherical with diameter 1.5-2.5 µm. Based on this information, above fungi are reported as new records for Iran mycroflora.

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Original Article

Role of Salicylic Acid on Yield Improvement of ‘Elberta’ Peach (Prunus Persica L. Batsch) Tree

Hamideh Mohamadi; Zahra Pakkish

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 970-973

Abstract

  In other to study the effects of salicylic acid on reproductive characters of ‘Elberta’ Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) tree, an experiment was carried out based on randomized ...  Read More In other to study the effects of salicylic acid on reproductive characters of ‘Elberta’ Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) tree, an experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications in commercial orchard, Kerman, Iran. The application of three concentrations of salicylic acid 0 (control), 1and 2 mM at swollen bud stage were used. Results showed that application of salicylic acid improved reproductive characters of peach tree, so that tree treated with salicylic acid 2 mM significantly had higher flowering percentage, fruit weight and yield compared to non-treated trees. However, results indicated that application of salicylic acid significantly improved reproductive growth in peach trees.

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Original Article

Statistical Optimization of Conditions for Maximize Production of Mannan by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using Response Surface Methodology

Hanneh vakilian Aghooi; Seyed Ali Mortazavi; Elnaz Milani; Arash koochaki; Masoome Mehraban

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 974-984

Abstract

  In view of the increase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan content, the culture condition for S.cerevisiae were optimized in this study. The influence of culture condition such as original ...  Read More In view of the increase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan content, the culture condition for S.cerevisiae were optimized in this study. The influence of culture condition such as original pH, inoculum size, and temperature on mannan production were evaluated using Response surface methodology. The mathematical model was established by the quadratic rotary combination design. with the order of effect as follows: temperature > initial pH > inoculation size. The optimized culture condition was pH, 6.6; inoculum size, 4 ml; temperature, 32°C. The maximum mannan production increased to 94.912 ±9.1 mg/100 mL at the optimum culture condition.It was evident that the mannan production was affected significantly by culture condition optimization (p < 0.01). After obtaining the optimal conditions, modified alkaline method was used to purify the extracted Mannan. FT-IR spectra analysis showed that the product was chemically pure mannan, that is to say, it contained no other carbohydrates and proteins.

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Original Article

Characterization of Cucumber Mosaic Virus From Mint in Tehran Province

Dorna Forghani; Gholamhosein Mosahebi Mosahebi; Mina Habibi-Koohi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 985-992

Abstract

  Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the causal agents of viral diseases that infected mint (Mentha spp.). CMV is a member of the cucumovirus genus in  Bromoviridae family. The ...  Read More Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the causal agents of viral diseases that infected mint (Mentha spp.). CMV is a member of the cucumovirus genus in  Bromoviridae family. The virus is naturally transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner.During  growing season 2007-2008, leaf samples from plants of mint fields with symptoms of viral disease were collected in mint fieldas in Tehran province. The polyclonal antibodies were used to the samples by DAS-ELISA . Some of the tested samples, showed positive reaction against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) specific antibody. Some of the positive samples which are mechanically inoculated on test plants.Some leaf samples from mint plants with symptoms of yellows and mosaic were showed positived reaction against cucumber mosaic virus specific antibody.To confirm the identify of the virus detected using a specific primer pair of CMV which amplify part of coat protein of CMV . A fragment about 700bp was amplified in Immunocapture reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.(IC-RT-PCR).

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Original Article

Investigating the Effects of Urea, Azocompost and Cutting on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Oregano (Origanum Vulgare Virid)

R. Yazdani Biouki; M. Bannayan Aval; H. R. Khazaei; H. Sodaeeizadeh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 993-1010

Abstract

  In order to investigate the effect of urea, Azocompost and cutting on growth characteristics of Oregano, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete ...  Read More In order to investigate the effect of urea, Azocompost and cutting on growth characteristics of Oregano, a factorial split-plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Yazd and Mashhad, Iran, during 2012-2013 growing season. Four urea levels and four Azocompost levels (to provide 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N.ha-1 each) for Yazd location )0, 43.5, 130.4 and 217.4 kg Urea.ha-1 and 0, 4.4, 13.3 and 22.0 ton Azocompost.ha-1) and for Mashhad location (0, 21.7, 108.7 and 195.7 kg Urea.ha-1 and 0, 2.2, 11.1 and 20 ton Azocompost.ha-1) were considered as the main factors and harvesting time as the sub factor. In the present study, some growth traits, yield, yield components were measured. The results of combined analysis showed that two-way interaction between urea and Azocompost was significant for all traits except for essential oil content (p<0.05). Plants treated with n1a2 (Plants treated with 40 kg chemical fertilizer ha-1 and 80 kg Azocompost ha-1) and control treatments had the highest and lowest values of all traits except plant nitrogen percentage, respectively. With increasing Azocompost levels from 0 to 120 kg N ha-1, economic yield increase was 1114 kg ha-1, while increasing the levels of chemical urea fertilizer from 0 to 120 kg ha-1 increased the economic yield about 790 kg ha-1. It seems that use of Azocompost is an excellent approach to decreasing the costs that are associated with the use of urea.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Some Fungicides for Controlling Almond Red Leaf Blotch ( Polystigma Amygdalinum)

D. Bayt Tork; M. Taherian; R. Divan

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1011-1016

Abstract

  Almond red leaf blotch is the most important fungal disease that is caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum. Symptoms depending on the cultivar almond trees can be seen almost all ...  Read More Almond red leaf blotch is the most important fungal disease that is caused by the fungus Polystigma amygdalinum. Symptoms depending on the cultivar almond trees can be seen almost all year. In this study the effect of 5 fungicides (Copper oxychloride  2000 µg/ml, Bordofix 2000 µg/ml, Mancozeb 200 µg/ml, Bordo Compound 10000 µg/ml, Triforin 300 µg/ml with rep.control) was examined in a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments in 4 replications to control disease in 2009-2010 in Khorasan-e- Razavi province. The degree of severity disease in leaves (from 0 to 9) was the character to be measured. First spraying was performed after petals falling (last week of May 2010) and two spraying next fortnightly intervals. Evaluating  the effect of each compound was carried out with sampling in comparison with rep. control in the last week in September. Comparison of treatments in statistical level of 5% showed that, Triforin and Mancozeb fungicides were classified in the first group, Brodofix, Bordo compound, and Copper oxychloride in second group and control in third group.

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Original Article

Ecological Capability Evaluation of Jiroft County for Agricultural Utilization, Using GIS

R. Gorouyi; H. Yousefi; M. Alikhah-Asl

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1017-1022

Abstract

  In order to have a sustainable and valuable development, land planning is an essential issue and the potential assessment of the environment is the most important part of this subject. ...  Read More In order to have a sustainable and valuable development, land planning is an essential issue and the potential assessment of the environment is the most important part of this subject. Jiroft county has an acceptable potential for agricultural use, so the evaluation of its environmental potential for agricultural potential expansion is considered in this paper. In order to perform this research, first ecological resources, barriers and restrictions of the area are identified and then by taking different maps into consideration, the restriction map of the area is produced. In the next step, the potential assessment of mentioned county for unrestricted area is performed by means of doctor Makhdoom method. In the end, three different potential classes are identified for the considered area. Results show that 11% of the area is completely unrestricted for agricultural purposes and out of appropriate area, 29.6% has the firs-rate, 2.2% has the second-rate and 68.3% has the third-rate potential for agriculture.

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Original Article

Using Inoculants to Obtain Proper Source of Soil

Zarnegar Akhavan

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1023-1029

Abstract

  The nutrient elements uptake in many of soils, is a problem because of high pH and plenty of calcium ions in them. Some of these elements are phosphorus and microelements. It is possible ...  Read More The nutrient elements uptake in many of soils, is a problem because of high pH and plenty of calcium ions in them. Some of these elements are phosphorus and microelements. It is possible to increase absorption of these nutrient elements by addition of sulfur in soil and biological oxidation. The rate of this reaction is very slow and Thiobacillus bacteria are the most important oxidators of sulfur in soil. Inoculation of soil with this bacteria results to increase rate of sulfur oxidation, so sulfur utilization with this bacteria in alkaline and calcareous soils will be useful. In order to consider the effect of sulfur and Thiobacillus inoculant on soil pH decreasing and increasing in ability of phosphorus and microelements absorption, a greenhouse experiment was carried in Azad University of Karaj, in factorial form and Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 15 treatments containg 5 levels of elemental sulfur (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000kg/ha) and 3 level of inoculants (without, 5 & 10 gram with 107 bacteria per gram) in 3 replications in 2010-2011. After seven months shoots of plant were cut. Soil samples were analyzed to measure availability of elements. The results indicated that there was significant difference between treatments in viewpoint of phosphorus and microelements absorption in level of 1%. Amount of available Fe, Zn, Mn and P significantly increased and soil pH decreased 1.05 unite compared with primeval soil, this decreasing was significant in level of 1%.

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Original Article

The Effects of Pruning and Potassium Nutrition on Some Morphological Traits and Seedling Properties of Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Behrooz Esmaielpour; Saeid Hokmalipour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1030-1037

Abstract

  In order to investigate the effect of pruning and potassium nutrition on pumpkin grain yield and quality, a factorial experiment based on complete block design with four replications ...  Read More In order to investigate the effect of pruning and potassium nutrition on pumpkin grain yield and quality, a factorial experiment based on complete block design with four replications was carried out in nooshar village of ardabil province, Ardabil, Iran, in 2007. Experimental factors include potassium nutrition in three level (0, 75 and 150 kg/ha from potassium sulfate) and stem pruning (without pruning, pruning after 8th node formation and pruning after the 12th node formation). Results indicated that stem pruning decreased grain number in fruit and fresh/dry weight of grain per fruit, 1000 grain weight, grain germination, seedling growth criteria and increased fresh/dry weight of grain per plot. Potassium increased grain number in fruit, fresh/dry weight of grain per fruit, 1000 grain weight, grain germination and seedling growth criteria.

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Original Article

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) as Affected by Seed Inoculation With Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Mehdi Panahyian Kivi; Saeid Hokmalipour; Maryam Hamele Darbandi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1038-1050

Abstract

  In order to study of the effect of seed inoculation with PGPR on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of spring wheat in different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, an ...  Read More In order to study of the effect of seed inoculation with PGPR on nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of spring wheat in different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, an experimental was conducted at the Research Farm of Mohageh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran during 2012 year. The combination of nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (0, 40 and 80 kg N/ha as urea) and phosphorus fertilizer (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) were factorally assigned to the main plots and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in three levels (no inoculation, seed inoculation with Azotobacter chorchorum strain 5 and Azosprilium lipoferum strain OF) were assigned to the subplots. The results showed that maximum nitrogen use efficiency was obtained at highest level of phosphorus, control level of nitrogen and seed inoculation with Azospirillum. Maximum of phosphorus use efficiency was obtained at highest level of nitrogen, control level of phosphorus and seed inoculation with Azospirillum. While minimum of this trait was observed at highest level of phosphorus and control level of nitrogen and PGPR. Also results showed that, root weight, root length, grain yield and biological yield were significantly affected by experimental treatments. Maximum root weight and root length were obtained in the plats which were applied highest rates of nitrogen, phosphor fertilizer and seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum of they were obtained in no application of them. Maximum of grain yield and biological yield were obtained in the plots which was applied the highest rates of nitrogen and phosphor fertilizers in seed inoculation with Azosprilium and minimum of they were obtained in no application of them.

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Original Article

Cellulase Enzymes Production from Pistachio Hull by Different Strains of Tichoderma Fungi

A. Mohamadi; S. Shahbazi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1051-1059

Abstract

  Six strain of Trichoderma (T. viride, T. harzianum, T. reesei, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, T. virens) were isolated and used for extracellular enzyme production. Species of Trichoderma ...  Read More Six strain of Trichoderma (T. viride, T. harzianum, T. reesei, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii, T. virens) were isolated and used for extracellular enzyme production. Species of Trichoderma are collected from the surrounding soil of suger beet root fields in East Iran, and held in vitro cultured PDA. TCM and TFM are used for the growth of spores and induceing the production of Cellulase. Finally the enzyme is measured at 50ºC for 60 minutes by DNS method and the samples are absorbed by spectrophotometry at wavelength 540 nm. By product of Pistachio was used to enzyme production and extracellular protein production and endo-glucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase and FPase activity was investigated. T. harzianum produces high levels of endo-glucanase, exoglucanase and total cellulase, which can be further improved by controlled culture conditions. This strain can be a good candidate for obtaining cellulases from lignocellulosic by products of pistachio hull.

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Original Article

Effect of Boric Acid Spray on Growth and Development of ‘Camarosa’ Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.)

Somaye Rafeii; Zahra Pakkish

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1060-1063

Abstract

  The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of spraying boric acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of ‘Camarosa’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa ...  Read More The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of spraying boric acid on vegetative and reproductive growth of ‘Camarosa’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The strawberry plants were sprayed with Boric acid at 0 (control), 50 and 100 mg L-1 at 30 days after planting. In general, results indicated that spraying plants with boric acid had a significant effect on yield, fruit weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area. The superior treatment concerning vegetative and reproductive growth was spraying boric acid at 100 mg L-1 during experiment.

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Original Article

Effect of Planting Patterns and Vermicompost on Yield and Yield Components in Maize and Beans Intercropping

Sedighe Haghparast; Naser Mohammadian Roshan; Hamid Reza Dorodian

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1064-1074

Abstract

  Intercropping systems compared to monoculture systems can more efficiently use the existing resources which ultimately will lead to increased plant performance. Therefore, to evaluate ...  Read More Intercropping systems compared to monoculture systems can more efficiently use the existing resources which ultimately will lead to increased plant performance. Therefore, to evaluate the benefits of intercropping maize and beans and assess its impact on yield and yield’s component, an experiment was conducted in factorial design with randomized complete block design in three replication, in 2012, at research station of Astane Ashrafiye, at Guilan province. Experiment factors was four planting patterns included maize monoculture, beans monoculture, planting a row of maize and two rows of beans and planting a row of maize and three rows of beans and three levels of vermicompost included 2, 4 and 6 ton.ha-1. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant interaction effect of planting pattern and levels of vermicompost on grain yield, 1000-grain weight and plant height of corn and traits included grain yield, 1000-grain weight and number of seeds in sheath of beans. Maize and beans intercropping planting pattern cause an increase in the mean values ​​of most traits in maize and beans which shows the superiority of intercropping cultures compared with monoculture. The LER (land equivalent ratio) was calculated greater than 1 for all characters thus confirms the usefulness of intercropping compared to sole crop. Increasing of vermicompost level to 4 and 6 ton.ha-1 had a positive effect on most traits of maize and beans. The A4B3 (planting a row of maize and three rows of beans and 6 tons of vermicompost fertilizer per hectare) because of having the highest values ​​for most traits in maize and beans was introduced as desirable treatment of experiment.

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Original Article

The Effect of Different Treatments of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on Rooting of Clerodendron Phlomidis

Mohammad Ali Golestani; Seyed Yaser Khalili; Ali Reza Feiznejad Siadohoni

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1075-1085

Abstract

  The research has been done for assessment of effects of different concentrations of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on rhizogenesis of scions of C. Phlomidis in 2010.  The research ...  Read More The research has been done for assessment of effects of different concentrations of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on rhizogenesis of scions of C. Phlomidis in 2010.  The research has been done on Randomized Complete-blocks for five replications and three treatments with zero, 2000ppm and 3000pmm concentration. Different characters such as number of root of each scion, length of root, length of new branches, thickness of root, number of leaf, dried weight of root and dried weight of leaf have been evaluated in this experiment. The results revealed that there is not any significant difference between hormones treatments but there are significant differences with zero treatment. Therefore, treatments with zero concentration have the least rate at all assessment characters.  Between two hormones treatments the most number of root of each scion and the length of the highest branches in 2000pmm and the length of the highest root, average of length of root, number of leaf of each scion, dried weight of leaf in 3000pmm have been seen. Therefore, 2000ppm concentration of Indole-3-Butyric Acid is suggested as the most desirable concentration for rhizogenesis of scions of C. Phlomidis.

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Original Article

Effects of Humic Acid on Ti2O Nanoparticle Biosynthesized by Lactobacillus Delbrueckii Subsp

Mohammad Darbandi; Ali Reza Astaraei; Alireza Karimi; Amir Lakzian

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1086-1089

Abstract

  Biological systems provide many examples of specifically tailored, nanostructured molecules with highly optimized properties and characteristics. These biomaterials are composite materials ...  Read More Biological systems provide many examples of specifically tailored, nanostructured molecules with highly optimized properties and characteristics. These biomaterials are composite materials and consist of an inorganic component and a special organic matrix. Crystalline bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers( are the outermost cell envelope component of many eubacteria and archaea and are composed of 2D crystalline arrays of identical protein or glycoprotein subunits. Present study was carried out to study the biosynthesis of Ti2O, in the presence of Lactobacillus sp with two concentrations (0 and 450µM) of humic acid (HA(. The products obtained were analyzed with XRD and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analyzes. Results showed that HA resulted in reduction of percentage of Ti2O particles under 30nm, also the percentage of Ti2O particles above 30nm was increased.

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Original Article

Investigating Effective Factors on Production Skills of Tobacco Growers in Mazandaran Province

A.A. Abbasi Rostami; A. Sharifzadeh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1090-1098

Abstract

  This research was done aimed to investigation the effective factors on production skills of tobacco growers in Mazandaran province. This is an applied study based on descriptive-correlation ...  Read More This research was done aimed to investigation the effective factors on production skills of tobacco growers in Mazandaran province. This is an applied study based on descriptive-correlation method. Statistical population of this research consisted of 1500 tobacco growers  of Mazandaran province, and 306 people were selected based on Morgan table. Content validity of the questionnaire was determined by experts and professors’ ideas. After doing necessary reforms and preliminary tests, we achieved Cronbach's alpha coefficient 81%. The results achieved from  the collective effect of  independent variables on dependent variable through step wise multiple regression method indicate that  the first variable entered into the equation was the variable of tobacco growers knowledge. Then, the variable of tobacco farmers’ attitude and channels and information sources variable were entered into the regression equation in the next steps. The results show that these variables are explaining 82.9 % of changes  are related to tobacco growers’ skill.

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Original Article

Effects of Different Sizes of Mini-Tuber on Yield and Yield Components of Potato Variety Agria

Alireza Mahmoudpour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1099-1104

Abstract

  Given the importance of potato in the economy and people’s nutrition, as well as planting of disease-free seeds, it seems necessary to produce healthy seeds through tissue culture. ...  Read More Given the importance of potato in the economy and people’s nutrition, as well as planting of disease-free seeds, it seems necessary to produce healthy seeds through tissue culture. This study was conducted during 2012-2013 at the Research Center of Agricultural University of Tajikistan aiming to evaluate the effect of different sizes of mini-tuber on yield and yield components of potato crop. Agria variety plantlets derived from tissue culture were grown in pots; the yielded mini-tubers were divided according to size into lighter than 1 g, 1-5 g, 5-10 g, and heavier than 10 g treatments, which then were evaluated in randomized complete block design in four replications. The results showed that tuber weight, the mean of bush yield, and the yield per area unit increased following the increase in mini-tuber weight. The highest mean number of tubers was produced from 5-10 g mini-tubers. Examination of other traits showed that the mean number of eyes and diameter of tubers increased by increasing mini-tuber weight. According to the results, mini-tubers lighter than 1 g are not suitable for planting.

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Case Report

Investigation of Allelopathic Effects of Medicago Sativa Aqueous Root Extract on Germination and Seedling Growth of Trifolium Sp and Beta Vulgaris (Case Study: Zarch Area In Yazd Province, Iran)

Fatemeh Barzegari; Leila Yaghmayea; Mahshid Souri

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1105-1113

Abstract

  In natural ecosystems, biological relationships have serious effects on system stability. Allelopathic is negative or positive effect of a plant on other plant growth. Today this word ...  Read More In natural ecosystems, biological relationships have serious effects on system stability. Allelopathic is negative or positive effect of a plant on other plant growth. Today this word is used for rangelands, same as agricultural areas. Because of good herbage production, Medicago is most common plant in agricultural rotations and rangelands. Therefore investigation of its allelopathic qualities could help us to handle agricultural rotations or rangelands more properly. In this research after collecting alfalfa phytomass, we put them in oven in 40ºC, and then extract was produced at (0, 50 and 100℅ dilutions for leaves) and (0, 25, 50 and 100℅ dilutions for roots). In next step, by using complete randomized block with 5 replications, Trifollium sp and Beta Vulgaris seeds were mixed with extraction and put in germinator in 20 centigrade temperature and data was analyzed by Dunnett’s Test in SPSS Software. Results showed that materials completely inhibited germination and seedling growth of Trifollium sp and Beta Vulgaris.

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Original Article

Identifying Mechanisms Influencing Development of Water Users Associations in Agriculture Sector

Fatemeh Panahi; Mohsen Mombani

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1115-1124

Abstract

  In the current situation, one of the most important issues of dry and semidry areas is the lack of water sources. In this regard, it's necessary to thank of solutions in order to increase ...  Read More In the current situation, one of the most important issues of dry and semidry areas is the lack of water sources. In this regard, it's necessary to thank of solutions in order to increase productivity and efficiency of water use in agricultural sector; In this regard, various ways have been put forward by the experts and of the most important of them we can refer to participating agronomists in the form of water user's association in management and exploitation of water networks. Regarding this issue, the main aim of this research is to identify mechanisms affecting development of water users associations in Khouzestan. The research method used in this paper is descriptive and the population consisted of 3116 members of water users' associations in Khouzestan province. In order to reaching research goals, we have used descriptive and inferential statistics and 127 of the beneficiaries were chosen as the sample of statistical population. Results show a medium effect of water users' association development on agricultural sector indices. Besides, based on factorial analysis done, factors affecting water users associations development are categorized in 6 groups in order of importance: "conditions relating water and associations, management and planning, Financial and economical factors, facilities and credits, recognition and perception of water users' associations, financial yield of water users' associations." The total variance indicated by these 5 factors in developing water users' association was 68.62% and the rest of variance is specified by other factors which are not included in the present research.

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Original Article

Study of Allelopathic Effects of Aquatic Extracts of Swallowwort (Cynanchum Acutum L.) on Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat

Nazanin Faridmarandi; Fatemeh Shirzadi; Farid Golzardi; Tahereh Mojaradi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1126-1143

Abstract

  A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the allelopathic effect of residues aqueous extract of two ecotype of swallowwort (Cynanchum acutum L.) on germination traits of wheat ...  Read More A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the allelopathic effect of residues aqueous extract of two ecotype of swallowwort (Cynanchum acutum L.) on germination traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at Islamic Azad University of Karaj in 2012. Factors were two swallowwort ecotype (Ghazvin & Moghan), three kinds of tissues (shoot, root and shoot + root) and five concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) of extracts. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to distinguish between the inhibitory effect of possible allelopathic substances and effects caused by the osmotic potential of the extracts. Results showed that aquatic extract of swallowwort showed different allelopathic effects on germination and seedling growth of wheat. The germination percentage, shoot & root length and seedling weight of wheat decreased with increasing concentration of swallowwort residue. Different concentrations of PEG had no significant effects on studied germination traits, therefore inhibitory effects of extracts can be attributed to an allelochemical effect.

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Original Article

Effects of Land Use Changes on Some Physiochemical Properties of Soil of Saman Region (Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari Province- Iran)

Fatemeh Madadian Chaleshtory; Naser Honarjoo; Ahmad Jalalian

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1145-1149

Abstract

  Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter ...  Read More Soil organic carbon has been the most important soil quality measurement factors and has intense relation with soil physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Organic matter and its components are important factors of soil aggregates constitution and stability and play significant role in its structure.So, this research has been done for achieving this purpose. This area is arounding saman _ one of the charmahalobakhtiari counties in distance 20_30 km northeast. In this study, from 127 point in 3 land uses of fruit garden, degraded range, and dry farming, soil sampling of surface depth 0_30 cm was done. The soil samples were analyzed chemically and physically. Also ,soil organic carbon supply , mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon were measured. For considering lands username type effect on soil characteristics and organic carbon physical distribution in case study area, variance analysis by SAS software and comparing averages by dancon method were done. Comparing soil characteristics in 3 land uses of garden, degraded range and dry farming showed that land uses changed on pH, lime and soil bulk density have not been affect significantly but have affected on total soil organic carbon, soil nitrogen, EC, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon. In garden land use, most total organic carbon rates, total nitrogen rate, soil organic carbon supply, mean weight diameter, particle organic carbon in macro and micro soil aggregates and total particle organic carbon has been observed. Increasing MWD in garden land use is related to high rate of organic material in this soil.

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Original Article

Evaluation the Effect of Water Stress and Foliar Application of Fe Nanoparticles on Yield, Yield Components and Oil Percentage of Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorious L.)

Farinaz Davar Zareii; Arash Roozbahani; Amir Hosnamidi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1150-1159

Abstract

  To study the impact of iron nanoparticles foliar application on mitigating the effects of drought stress on yield, yield components and  oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower ...  Read More To study the impact of iron nanoparticles foliar application on mitigating the effects of drought stress on yield, yield components and  oil percentage of Goldasht spring safflower cultivar, an experiment was carried out in 2012 in the Agricultural Research Farm Station of Islamic Azad University, Roudehen branch as split plot in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. In this experiment, the major factor of drought stress treatment included four levels (optimum irrigation, stopping the irrigation at flowering stage, stopping the irrigation at seed formation stage and stopping the irrigation at two stages of flowering and seed formation). After data analysis by SAS software, the parameters including analyses of variance and means were compared using the Duncan's Multiple Range Test at probability level of 5%. The results showed that the effects of drought stress and Fe nanoparticles were significant at probability level of 1% on traits such as the number of boll per branch, number of seeds per boll, the thousand seed weight and yield at probability level of 1%. Among the levels of drought stress, the highest yield and yield components losses were seen for most of the traits and between the levels of 2 times drought stress. The maximum yield and yield components rates related to the control treatment (optimum irrigation). Also, among the levels of Fe nanoparticles, the use of nanoparticles produced the highest rates of yield and yield components in two stages of flowering and granulation. Also, the foliar application at flowering stage was better than seed formation. Meanwhile, the control treatment had the lowest yield and yield components. Finally, the interactions of Fe nanoparticles and different levels of drought stress at 1% probability level had significant impacts on traits, including boll number per branch, number of seeds per boll, the thousand seed weight and the yield. At the end of the experiment, the 2 times stress had the highest yield and yield components losses, and 2 times of using nanoparticles had the highest rates of yield and yield components. Thus, the adverse effects of drought stress can be reduced in this area and similar areas by application of Fe nanoparticles.

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Original Article

Comparison of Inhibitory Effects of Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Growth of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Farideh Ghadamgahi; Masome Mehraban Sang Atash; Gholamhosein Shahidi Bonjar

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1163-1167

Abstract

  In this research, the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles,  in vitro, on disease stone fruits bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syrigae ...  Read More In this research, the inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles,  in vitro, on disease stone fruits bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syrigae pv. Syringae and disease bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, were studied. Different concentrations of nanoparticles were prepared on Mueller Hinton agar medium in two different ways in a complete randomized design with 3 replications and controls. According to the observations both  silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles had more  inhibitory effect on bacteria X.arboricola than on bacteria P.syringae, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in the prepared concentrations almost had no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth on P.syringae.

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Original Article

Evaluation of Integrating Mechanical and Chemical Methods of Weeds Control on Yield and Yield Components of Corn (Zea Mays L.)

Mohsen Khaje-khaki; Alireza Iranbakhsh; Arash Rouzbehani; Mehdi Bagh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1168-1173

Abstract

  Use of efficient methods of weed control with as regards environmental sustainability as well as increased crop yield and also weed resistance to herbicides is essential. In order to, ...  Read More Use of efficient methods of weed control with as regards environmental sustainability as well as increased crop yield and also weed resistance to herbicides is essential. In order to, an experiment was conducted in 2012 in the Damavand jaban in Iran. Experiment treatments were compared in a split plot design by a randomized completely block design with 3 replication. The used variety of maize was S.C. 301. Main factors included 3 levels of cultivation, once, twice and without cultivation. Sub factors were weed control by application of indicated herbicide in 5 levels: cruz herbicide  , 2-4.D herbicide and their combined (cruz +2-4.D) in the rate of complete(in order 2 and 1.5 lit/hec) , low- dose (%75complete dose)and no weed control. The results the highest of weed control and with followed the highest yield by ranged 15.47 ton per hectare related to cruz +2-4.D (complete dose) + twice cultivation treatment and lowest yield by ranged 10.56 ton per hectare related to Weedy + non cultivation treatment.

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Review Article

Active Packaging for Food Applications - A Review

Mahmoud Hosseinnejad

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1174-1180

Abstract

  The purpose of food packaging is to preserve the quality and safety of the food it contains from the time of manufacture to the time it is used by the consumer. Recently, the demand ...  Read More The purpose of food packaging is to preserve the quality and safety of the food it contains from the time of manufacture to the time it is used by the consumer. Recently, the demand for safe and high quality foods, as well as changes in consumer preferences have led to the development of innovative and novel approaches in food packaging technology. One such development is the active food packaging technology. Active packaging can be classified into two main kinds: non-migratory active packaging acting without intentional migration, and active releasing packaging allowing a controlled migration of non-volatile agents or an emission of volatile compounds in the atmosphere surrounding the food. Non-migratory active packaging is a packaging which elicits a desirable response from food systems without the active component migrating from the packaging into the food. The most well known examples of non-migratory active packaging are oxygen and ethylene absorbers. Also carbon dioxide and antioxidant releaser are examples of migratory active packaging.

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Review Article

Assessing Architectural Design Due to Climatic Factors (Compare the Effect of Temperature and Humidity)

Saryh Zare'ian; Reza Kakvan; Mohammadreza Hefzi; Hussein Azadeh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1182-1186

Abstract

  Undoubtly it can be said that climate and how weather conditions effect on building shape including limited architecture elements which has been noticed at the beginning of making shelter ...  Read More Undoubtly it can be said that climate and how weather conditions effect on building shape including limited architecture elements which has been noticed at the beginning of making shelter by human beings and the principle of this need has not been changed by passing time and changing the styles and movements and definitions of art and beauty and changing needs and attitudes and expanding architecture spaces. In this article with a different attitude it is tried to express instrument and ways of achieving climatic design goals in new Iran zoning with the help of different way in which by recognizing main factor or factors of making climatic crises in building (cold, heat, humidity, raining,…) during the course in which lead to parts from generalities ,it provides the best conditions of climatic design production. On such basis, different design phases are divided to five parts including society and distribution of units, determining generalities of building framework structure design of plan and frontage, landscaping and design of building executive details by introducing different ways for dealing with crisis factors or using pleasant weather condition in each phases provide possibility of optimal utilization from natural conditions for building cooling and heating and providing comfort conditions  noticeably that consequently  it has reduction of refrigerating and heating plant, reducing costs of fuel and installation, reducing natural environmental pollution and such cases.

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Original Article

Connection Traditional Architecture Associated With Sustained Construction in the Areas Humid and Hot Dry

Taraneh Saniee; Saryh Zare'ian; Mohammadreza Hefzi; Sara Karim Zadeh

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1187-1194

Abstract

  Sustainable architecture is known as an important strategy in recent years and all around the world are cooperating to achieve this by use of natural elements. There are many examples ...  Read More Sustainable architecture is known as an important strategy in recent years and all around the world are cooperating to achieve this by use of natural elements. There are many examples of residential buildings in Iran s past and its traditional architecture that the architecture in the interim of paying attention to aesthetic issues and preserving the natural environment acts in a way that meets the needs of the climate of each region. In Iran, due to having four different climate, hot and humid, hot and dry, mild, wet and cold, Different architectures (especially in aboriginal housing design) created in harmony with the climate that in such spaces, employing native materials that are least harmful to environment and to reduce energy consumption by using local materials, lead to enhancing environmental sustainability and sustainable buildings. Thereby in this research, try to consider Iran s native architecture in hot and dry and mild and wet climate due to environmental sustainability and saving energy consumption and briefly evaluated disadvantages of new architecture in these two climates in cases such as use of materials inconsistent with local conditions, improper building design, lack of energy saving and environmental degradation.Finally,we  draw to conclusion and provide guidelines on energy efficiency in buildings paying attention to the new technology.

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Original Article

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Dusty Days in Iran

A.R. Dehghanpour; A.H. Halabian; M. Fallahpour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1195-1206

Abstract

  Iran is one of the world's arid regions and exposed to dust particles in the air. This is important in spatial and temporal terms as well as the affects human health. In this paper ...  Read More Iran is one of the world's arid regions and exposed to dust particles in the air. This is important in spatial and temporal terms as well as the affects human health. In this paper a day when due to the amount of dust particles visibility reduces to 5,000 m is considered the dusty day. In the spatial and temporal analysis of dusty days 38 synoptic stations were studied. In order to conduct data spatial changes analysis, monthly and annual maps were drawn using interpolation method. Maximum number of dusty days was in Zabol station 165.95 and then Dezful with 108 dusty days was the second highest. Rasht, with the average of 1.024 day shows the minimum number of dusty days. Studying scattering map of the average dusty days show that Zabol and Dezful have maximum dusty days during study period. According to interpolation half southern regions of Iran especially eastern and western borders have the maximum dusty days while northern and northwestern regions show the minimum number of dusty days.  

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Original Article

The Study on Agroclimatic Conditions of Sunflower in Kurdistan Province by Means of GIS System

Behroz Aminzadeh; Sirus Naderi Zarneh; Jalaluddin TajPour; Saleh Barzegar

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1207-1216

Abstract

  The present article is aimed at study on agroclimatic conditions of cultivation of sunflower throughout selected substations at Kurdistan  Province by means of GIS system. In this ...  Read More The present article is aimed at study on agroclimatic conditions of cultivation of sunflower throughout selected substations at Kurdistan  Province by means of GIS system. In this investigation, meteorological data have been received from synoptic stations based on daily, monthly, and annually trend from Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO) at Kurdistan  Province and then homogeneity of data has been explored by (Wald- Wolfowitz) Run Test. Methodology of the research is of statistical descriptive type. Data analysis was carried out by means of Growing Degree Day (GDD) technique and method of Deviation from Optimum Percentage (DOP) plus phenology index as well as thermal potential within environment of statistical software (EXCEL and SPSS). Under agroclimatic conditions, the results of this survey may indicate that the time period among July and September is considered as active months in terms of agriculture based on thermal potential in this region. The In mid-May are the best calendar for cultivation of sunflower month in all the aforesaid substations. Time of harvesting sunflower crop is end August for Bijar, Saghez, and Sanandaj stations while this time is Mid-August for Marivan station. With respect to the phenological method, dates of cultivation until budding, flowering, and the end of flowering stage and maturation start respectively sooner in Marivan station than other stations in this region.

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Original Article

Modeling of Climate Effects on Sugar Beet Growth in Kurdistan Province

Behroz Aminzadeh; Moslem Torkiharchegani; Azad ahmadi; Mohammad Reza Najafian Gorgi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1217-1225

Abstract

  Climate is one of the most important factors that influence the quality and quantity of crops. Understanding the natural features of any region, especially about the climate, can play ...  Read More Climate is one of the most important factors that influence the quality and quantity of crops. Understanding the natural features of any region, especially about the climate, can play a major role in making plans and land use planning. Sugar beet, is one of the major industrial plants, that in addition to producing one of the most fundamental basic needs of society, namely sugar, it can have other valuable byproducts. This study was conducted to evaluate the agro-climate of cultivation of sugar beet in Kurdistan province, using the daily temperature over a period of 10 years. Agro-climatic calculations and analysis were performed using the degree of active days index, thermal gradients and deviations from optimal conditions methods. In this study, data of the synoptic meteorological stations in Kurdistan province (daily and monthly and annual reports) were received from National Meteorological Organization. This research is done in a descriptive statistics way. Data analysis is performed using phenological index (GDD) method. The results show that based on analysis of thermal gradients and deviations from optimal conditions at different altitudes, Saghez station, amongst all selected stations, has more suitable conditions for cultivation. Based on the temperature thresholds of phenological stages of sugar beet, climatic calendar would be in form of sugar beet sowing season late in March and crop harvest season in late October.

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Original Article

Zoning of Canola Cultivation Based on Climatic Temperature Needs Using of GIS in Golestan Province

Navid Adibifard; Mehrdad Esfandiari; S.R. Hassanpour Avanji; Zohreh Baniabbass

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1226-1231

Abstract

  Studying of climatic elements  are one of the most important factors   influencing on agricultural crops  production and developing of agriculture activities in ...  Read More Studying of climatic elements  are one of the most important factors   influencing on agricultural crops  production and developing of agriculture activities in every region that led to increasing production . by studying of agro climatology  can be determined potential facilities in different areas  and used optimum of  facilities . this research was established  by determining  temperature potential  of  ecological capacity of canola cultivation areas in Golestan province . climatic grouping by Dumartin method, was established  to  general determine of region climate by using of suitable cultivation  temperature( 15-20°c) and Vibul method ( 75% probability )is determined cultivation date .  based on measuring of effective required day degree in every steps , is measured given date to phenology  step .suitable and limited  temperatures  different steps of canola   phenology is derived from different sources  and measured its occurrence probability in studied region . medium relation ship of canola  performance  and suitable and limited temperatures was studied in different steps of phenology . after organizing and forming  of temperature layers using of regression equations , the cultivation regions are divided in to four areas , very desirable , desirable , rather desirable and undesirable .

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Original Article

Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Irrigation Water Requirement of Sugar Beet and its Growth Period Length in Kermanshah Province

Zohreh Baniabbass; Navid adibifard; Mehrdad Esfandiari; S.R. Hassanpour Avanji

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1232-1238

Abstract

  Today climate change is one of the most important human concerns This fact affected human life in different ways .  one of the most important impacts of climate change is on crops ...  Read More Today climate change is one of the most important human concerns This fact affected human life in different ways .  one of the most important impacts of climate change is on crops yield so that change in temperature  regime  particularly maximum and minimum  temperatures  is noticeably change plants production . in this research , is considered to  impact of climate change on water requirement  and growth period length  of Sugar beet in Kermanshah province .it is used by climatic model outputs CGCM3 and HADcm3 named  scenario A2 . assessment of water requirement  is established by  Fao, Penman , Mantis equitation .for minimizing scales of climatic model outputs  of data was used SDSM .results showed that  by increasing of temperature resulting from climate change in the future , decreased growth period length  of Sugar beet.  Also water requirement  of Sugar beet in future period based on increasing temperature resulting from climate change is noticeably increased .

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Original Article

Investigation of Sediment Discharge Hydro-Induction for Preventing Sediment In Dams (a Review)

Mohsen Norouzi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1248-1256

Abstract

  Hydro-induction sediment discharge technique (HSDT) aims to prevent reservoir sedimentation by withdrawing the discharge water from the reservoir bottom to suck up and discharge sediments, ...  Read More Hydro-induction sediment discharge technique (HSDT) aims to prevent reservoir sedimentation by withdrawing the discharge water from the reservoir bottom to suck up and discharge sediments, and by inducing vertical vortexes and undercurrents in the reservoir bay to keep sediments agitated and moving. The technique is facilitated with an innovative discharge conduit system having bottom intakes that are engineered and configured to suit individual dam situation for maximum process efficacy. Analyses of the hydraulics and operating principles of the bottom intake discharge system are presented. Guidance for designing and configuring the discharge conduit system is provided. Several key issues concerning the practical application of the technique are discussed briefly. The process feasibility and functionality of the bottom intake discharge system have been demonstrated with a small test setup. Testing with large scale models and field tests are needed to develop design data for big dam application.

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Original Article

Protective Effects of Cinnamon Bark Hydroalcoholic Extract on Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Mature Rats

Nahid Alaeyan Jahromi; Majid Alaeyan Jahromi; Sedigheh Tanomand; Ali Reza Alaeyan Jahromi; Houshang Jamali; Zahra Alaeyan Jahromi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1257-1261

Abstract

  Background and Methodology: Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with restricted application in man and stock due to its side effects such as Nephrotoxicity and autotoxicity. Cinnamon ...  Read More Background and Methodology: Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with restricted application in man and stock due to its side effects such as Nephrotoxicity and autotoxicity. Cinnamon bark has antioxidant properties. This is the first study on the protective effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.Methods and Materials: Thirty-six mature female Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups. The control group did not receive any solvents or medicines. The experimental group I received Gentamicin with the daily dose of 80 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection, and the experimental group II the daily 200 mg/kg gavage dose of hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon. The experimental groups III, IV, and V were given the daily dose of 80 mg/kg of Gentamicin through intraperitoneal injection together with 50, 100, and 200 milligrams of cinnamon extract, respectively, by gavage for 21 days.    Results: Serum uric acid concentration in the experimental group I increased significantly compared to the control group at the 5% probability level, and urea and creatinine concentrations in the experimental groups I and III showed a significant increase compared to the control group at the 1% probability level. Conclusions: Cinnamon extract was able to protect rats against Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity due to its contents of phenolic compounds and of other antioxidant substances.

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Original Article

Cinnamon Effect on Kidney Histological Changes Induced by Gentimicin in Rats

Nahid Alaeyan Jahromi; Ali Reza Alaeyan Jahromi; Zahra Alaeyan Jahromi; Houshang Jamali; Sedigheh Tanomand; Majid Alaeyan Jahromi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1262-1267

Abstract

  Background and objective: Gentimicin is an antibiotic from the family of Aminoglycosides used in the treatment of infections resulted from Gram-negative bacteria, the use of which is ...  Read More Background and objective: Gentimicin is an antibiotic from the family of Aminoglycosides used in the treatment of infections resulted from Gram-negative bacteria, the use of which is limited due to its nephrotoxicity. In this study the histological effect of cinnamon on the nephrotoxicity resulted from Gentimicin in rats is investigated because of the Antioxidant properties of cinnamon.Materials and methodology: Thirty-six mature female Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups. The control group did not receive any solvents or medicines. The experimental group I received Gentamicin with the daily dose of 80 mg/kg through intraperitoneal injection, and the experimental group II the daily 200 mg/kg gavage dose of hydroalcoholic extract of cinnamon. The experimental groups III, IV, and V were given the daily dose of 80 mg/kg of Gentamicin through intraperitoneal injection together with 50, 100, and 200 milligrams of cinnamon extract, respectively, by gavage for 21 days.     Findings: results indicate that the cortex diameter in experimental groups 1 and 4 increase significantly (P<0.05) compared to control group and experimental groups 2. Diameter of medulla did not increase significantly in different groups. In contrast, diameter of the proximal tubule showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in experimental groups 1, compared to other groups. Also the glomerular diameter in  the other experimental groups increased significantly compared to control group and experimental groups 2 .Conclusion: the results of the study show that cinnamon apart from having phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties, can cure the tubular injury resulted from Gentimicin.

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Original Article

Effects of Cinnamon Extract on Curing and Preventing Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Immature White Rats

Sedigheh Tanomand; Nahid Alaeyan Jahromi; Zahra Alaeyan Jahromi; Houshang Jamali; Majid Alaeyan Jahromi; Ali Reza Alaeyan Jahromi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1268-1273

Abstract

  Background and purpose: Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity results from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidneys, and since cinnamon has antioxidant properties, ...  Read More Background and purpose: Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity results from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the kidneys, and since cinnamon has antioxidant properties, this research studied the effects of cinnamon extract on the prevention and treatment of gentamicin-induced toxicity in immature white rats.Materials and methodology: in this study 36 immature female Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups. The control group did not receive any solution or medication. Every day The control group 1 received 200mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon in Gavage form, the control group 2 received 80 mg/kg Gentimicin in intraperitoneal injection form, and empirical groups 1, 2 and 3 received 80 mg/kg Gentimicin in intraperitoneal injection form and 50, 100 and 200 mg Hydro-alcoholic extract of cinnamon in Gavage form for 14 days, respectively. Findings: Results show that serum concentrations of uric acid in sham group II increased significantly compared to the control group at 5%, and that the concentrations of urea and creatinine in sham group II and in the experimental group I were significantly higher compared to the control group at 1%. The diameter of proximal tubules in sham group II was significantly larger compared to the other groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, the diameter of glomeruli in the experimental groups and in sham group II significantly increased compared to the control group and sham group I.  Conclusions: Cinnamon extracts have antioxidant properties and somewhat reduce the negative effects of Gentamicin. Therefore, it is recommended cinnamon extracts be used to reduce Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in patients

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Original Article

Comparative Study on the Effect of Different Feeding Regimes on Chironomid Larvae Biomass and Biochemical Composition

Rasool Maleknejad; Mohammad Sudagar; Arezoo Azimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1274-1278

Abstract

  In this study, the effect of diet food (soybeans, egg yolk and chicken manure) on biomass weight and body composition (the amount of protein, fat, moisture and ash) Chironomid larvae ...  Read More In this study, the effect of diet food (soybeans, egg yolk and chicken manure) on biomass weight and body composition (the amount of protein, fat, moisture and ash) Chironomid larvae were examined. For this purpose, 2.5 grams of food per Coconut considered in the period, with three replicates and Chironomid larvae during the period of 15 days in plastic pans were kept in nutrition. The results showed that larval growth Chironomid was significantly influenced by the different diets. Between dietary treatments, larvae fed chicken manure treatment had highest average weight and best body composition (protein and fat) fed the treated egg yolk and no significant difference was found with other dietary treatments (P<0.05). As a result of this study showed that different diets influenced on the larval body weight and body composition. yolk eggs and poultry manure due to easy availability and low cost can be recommended for mass rearing of larvae Chironomid.

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Original Article

Postharvest Application of Gum and Mucilage as Edible Coating on Postharvest Life and Quality of Strawberry Fruit

M. Yarahmadi; M. Azizi; B. Morid; S. Kalatejari

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1279-1286

Abstract

  Strawberries have a very thin layer coating that easily disappears and are perishables a lot pre-harvest as such nearly 30 to 40 percent of strawberry fruits will be wasted at interval ...  Read More Strawberries have a very thin layer coating that easily disappears and are perishables a lot pre-harvest as such nearly 30 to 40 percent of strawberry fruits will be wasted at interval between harvest and consumption. In this study have been investigated the effect of using psyllium mucilage (Plantago psyllium) in concentrations of 6.25, 12.5 and 25 ml/l as well as Arabic gum and Arjan as edible coating in amounts of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/l on post-harvest life and quality of strawberry. Strawberry fruits of Kurdistan’ type were immersed after preparing by above solution and then placed in containers PE at 4 ° C and on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 days after storage were measured their quality traits such as pH, anthocyanin, fresh weight, acidity, TSS, wrinkles. The results showed that fruits treated with 12.5 ml per liter psyllium mucilage had the highest rates of water and after treatments for Arabic gum0.5, Arjan 1, and 1.5 grams per liter and psyllium mucilage 25 ml per liter also showed a significant effect on retention of water. The conclusion after examined the quality of the fruit was that, gum treatments for Arjan 1 and 1.5 grams per liter, had the best quality fruit.

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Original Article

Effect of Different Live Foods Source (Culex Larvae, Chironomus Larvae and Artemia) on Pigmentation of Electric Yellow (Labidochromis Caeruleus)

Rasool Maleknejad; Mohammad Sudagar; Arezoo Azimi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1287-1295

Abstract

  The orange-red spectrum of  the skin of  electric yellow (Labidochromis caeruleus) is  one  of  the  idealistic and  necessary  schemas sought  ...  Read More The orange-red spectrum of  the skin of  electric yellow (Labidochromis caeruleus) is  one  of  the  idealistic and  necessary  schemas sought  by  aquarists  and commercial producers. In this study, the effect of live foods meal on the skin coloration of juvenile electric yellow was examined. 270 fish with an average living body weight was 0.42 ± 0.11 g, and average total length was 3.3 ± 0.35 cm. Their sex was not taken into consideration. . The  fish  were  fed  twice  in  the  morning  and  afternoon  by  3-5 percent of the biomass for 8 weeks. The six different treatments (three replicates/treatment) used in the experiment were used. Skin color was measured in below the dorsal fin of all fish. Measurements were recorded at the end of the feeding trial using a Konica Minolta Chroma Meter CR400. At the end of the trial, the carotenoid supplemented diets significantly increased the values of redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*), and decreased the values of lightness (L*) and hue (Hoab) on the tail, body, and head areas (p<0.05). luminosity  (L*)  and  hue (H°ab) were less in fishes fed the diets with live foods and astaxanthin than  in  fishes  fed  the  control  diet  with  no pigment sources (p<0.05). yellowness  (b*),  and  Chroma  (C*)  were  greater in fish  fed  the culex and were  less  in  fish  fed  the control diet(p<0.05). Results  show  that  live foods used in this trial  can  be  used  as  an  alternative natural  carotenoid  source  in  electric yellow  diets.

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Original Article

The Effect of Different Levels of Sesame Wastes on Performance, Milk Composition and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Lactating Dairy Cows

K. Shirzadegan; M. A. Jafari

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1296-1303

Abstract

  The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of sesame wastes (SW) on performance, milk composition and blood metabolites in lactating dairy cows. In ...  Read More The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of sesame wastes (SW) on performance, milk composition and blood metabolites in lactating dairy cows. In this order, eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design in four periods of 21 days. Treatments were control (no Sesame meal supplementation), and supplemented with 5, 10 and 15 % (dry matter [DM] basis) Sesame wastes respectively. Each period of experiments included 14 days for adaptation to diets and 7days for sampling. Cows were fed as total mix ration (TMR). The results showed that DMI, milk lactose, MUN, BUN and blood glucose and cholesterol were not affected by experimental diets (P>0.05). Nevertheless, milk yield average, milk fat, protein percentage, milk TS, SNF percentage, blood Ca and TG showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments and was the highest in control treatment. In addition, dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility were affected by adding sesame waste in diets (P<0.05) and was the highest in control treatment. Generally, showed that sesame waste (as a byproduct) has not obviously positive effects in cows nutrition.

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Original Article

Effects of the Aromatase Inhibitor, Letrozol, on Levels of Serum 17β-Estradiol (E2) And Enzymes in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum) Females

Paria Akbary

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1304-1312

Abstract

  In the present study, changes of values of serum 17ß-estradiol (E2), Asparate amino teransferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) following ...  Read More In the present study, changes of values of serum 17ß-estradiol (E2), Asparate amino teransferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) following intraperitoneal (i.p) injection with the aromatase inhibitor (AI) letrozole were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Forty- eight apparently healthy rainbow trout (mean weight of 845 g) divided in four groups (twelve fish for each group). (1) Control vehicle injected, (2) group treated once with 1.0 mg AI kg-1, (3) group treated once with 2.5 mg AI/ kg and (4) group treated with 2.5 mg AI/ kg weekly (3×2.5 mg AI/ kg. Results revealed that that, in the group injected weekly, serum E2 levels were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the other groups. Also levels of serum enzymes at days 14 and 28 of injection, significantly increased in the group injected weekly compared to the other groups (P<0.05). No significant differences have been observed between control and the groups injected once in respect to all parameters (P>0.05). This study showed that multiple injections with letrozole may decrease E2 levels and may impact negatively on the physiology of the fish as manifested in changes in some of serum enzymes under laboratory conditions  

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Original Article

Antifungal Effects of Two Medicinal Plant Native to Iran

S. Mohammadi; khpiri@gmail.com khpiri@gmail.com Kh. Piri

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1313-1317

Abstract

  In order to use natural compounds in controlling plant pests and diseases, many researchers in recent years have studied the antifungal effects of essential oils and plant extracts. ...  Read More In order to use natural compounds in controlling plant pests and diseases, many researchers in recent years have studied the antifungal effects of essential oils and plant extracts.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and antifungal effects of Echium khuzestanium and marubbium anisodan extracts. After extraction and preparation of different concentrarion from extracts, antifungal effect on 4 plant fungi was stadied by disc diffusion method. chemical composition of plants was checked by GC/MS. According to the results, 86 kinds of chemical compounds found in M.anisodan extract. Furfural, steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of M.anisodan. 46 kinds of chemical compounds found in methanol extract of E.khuzestanium. there are mucilage, fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in flower of E.khuzestanium.

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Original Article

The Effects of Use Medicinal Plants on Rumen Fermentation Parameters in Ruminants

Mazaher Hashemi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1318-1327

Abstract

  Rumen is a persistent and specific ecosystem consists of bacteria, protozoa and fungus where feed fermentation takes place in it. Produced Hydrogen in rumen can be used in the synthesis ...  Read More Rumen is a persistent and specific ecosystem consists of bacteria, protozoa and fungus where feed fermentation takes place in it. Produced Hydrogen in rumen can be used in the synthesis of the volatile fatty acids and the microbial protein and its excess would be eliminated through the production of Methane by methanogenesis. Nutritionists have tried to find ways to decrease loss and energy and protein, increase synthesis of microbial protein and the ability of fiber digestion in the rumen through manipulating the rumen’s fermentation processes. Hence, changing microbial ecosystem of the rumen by the use of proper feed additives could lead to the reduction of Methane and Nitrogen production and excretion and improve the performance of Ruminants. According to accomplished studies Ionophores increase the efficiency of the use of energy and the protein of feed effectively in rumen but with regard to antibiotic usage ban by European Union in January 2006 and public acceptability reduction of using these compounds in animal nutrition, animal nutritionists decided to use other alternative compounds, spending rumen microbial population control and creating proper changes in rumen fermentation. In recent years the use of herbs as growth stimulus is increasingly considered. The results of this study demonstrate that using of medicine plants effects positively rumen performance and pH, methane production reduction and ammoniac nitrogen concentration, protein metabolism and rumen microbial population improvement and volatile fatty acids production increase.

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Original Article

Measuring the Density of Calcium and Magnesium Elements in Pistachio Leaf by ICP Modern Method and Comparing it With Titration Methods and Atomic Absorption

Mohammad Reza sharifi fadiji; Mojdeh Heidari Salehabad; Zahra Movahedirad

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1328-1331

Abstract

  Introduction: Calcium critical limit in pistachio plants is about 1.3 percent of plant dried material; magnesium critical limit in pistachio leaves is about 0.6 percent of plant dried ...  Read More Introduction: Calcium critical limit in pistachio plants is about 1.3 percent of plant dried material; magnesium critical limit in pistachio leaves is about 0.6 percent of plant dried material. To measure calcium and magnesium there are several methods in which three methods of titration and atomic absorption that are more common and used to libraries more in addition to ICP modern method are used. This research was first performed all through the country and is so important because of using ICP system. Because This system is a modern method, very exact and expensive plus rare. This research uses forty samples of pistachio leaf’s extract. After preparing needed calcium and magnesium standards for every system, density of samples’ calcium and magnesium were measured. This research aims to obtain the most precious method of measuring plant calcium and magnesium elements after ICP system as possible and by the lowest experimental errors. Materials and methods: Extract of related plant was obtained by dry ash method and assimilation digestion by normal 3 chloride acid. Results and discussion: Regarding that ICP system method is the most precious and modern method, so this is a criterion and results of titration method and plant calcium and magnesium atomic absorption were measured to ICP system and rates of accuracy, deviations and measuring errors were determined.Conclusion: After measuring by ICP method, in this research titration by 97.65 percent accuracy (2.35 percent error) and then atomic absorption system by 93.13 percent accuracy ( 6.87 percent error)  to measure density of plant calcium and magnesium are suggested.

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Original Article

Evaluation and Management of Land Productivity Using Parametric Malmquest Index (Case Study of Kerman Province in Iran)

Zeinab Moinoddini

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1332-1339

Abstract

  Wheat and barley are the main crops in Iran and has multiple uses. Research suggests that subsistence food crops such as wheat and barley has a special place in low-income countries. ...  Read More Wheat and barley are the main crops in Iran and has multiple uses. Research suggests that subsistence food crops such as wheat and barley has a special place in low-income countries. However, to achieve maximum efficiency for a sustainable agriculture must be able to obtain agricultural inputs such as land. Kerman province is one of the provinces with high production of these products. According to this study the effectiveness and efficiency of these products were in the cities of the province. Results indicate that productivity growth for the city RAVAR, Zarand, Sir Jan and Shahrbabak during the 5 -year average is less than one and a numerical approach for other cities has more of a positive productivity growth.  

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Original Article

Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Lemon Verbena (Lippia Citriodora) Leaves

Mahnaz Choupani; Saeedeh Arabshahi Delouee; Mehran Alami

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1340-1346

Abstract

  Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) belongs tothe Verbenaceae (shahpasand) family.L.citriodora is chemical  composition of the leaves plant have antimicrobial properties, refrigerant,anti-headaches ...  Read More Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) belongs tothe Verbenaceae (shahpasand) family.L.citriodora is chemical  composition of the leaves plant have antimicrobial properties, refrigerant,anti-headaches one-sided, anti- pains nerve and housing, carminative, helping to digestion, relaxation, dizziness, colds therapy,  memory Booster and etc.  In this study, phenolic compounds of L.citriodoraleaves were extracted with immersion method by acetone, ethanol, methanol and water. In this method, solvent type was found as an effective factor on the extraction. The highest amount of total phenol compounds was extracted by methanol which was 25/94 (mg Gallic acid per 100 mg of the extract). Among the solvents,acetone extremely had lower efficiency in the extracting phenolic compounds from the leaves of plant. Three complementary assays, reducing power of Fe (III), DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity were used for analysis of antioxidant properties of various extracts compared with the synthetic antioxidant, BHT. In all tests, methanolic extract, which had the highest total phenolic compounds, showed the highest antioxidant activity although it was lower that of BHT.According to the survey results, L.citriodora leaves with a good source of natural antioxidants for use in food industry's.

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Original Article

Determining Fruition Levels of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province Townships in Terms of Development (Using Morris Technique)

Masoud Taghvaie; Samaneh Khademi; Ali Zamen Gholami

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1347-1361

Abstract

  Economic and social changes in recent decades led to regional imbalance and inordinate concentration of facilities in some parts and bereavement of other parts. We need to district ...  Read More Economic and social changes in recent decades led to regional imbalance and inordinate concentration of facilities in some parts and bereavement of other parts. We need to district and regional planning which its objective is providing an appropriate model for balanced distribution of services according to population of settlements or spatial balance in the region. The topics of sustainable development and regional planning are important and notable issues. Nowadays, politicians and managers are trying to develop a program for a region according to regional planning and considering all natural, economic, social, cultural and skeletal potential of that region, and they want to move toward social justice and sustainable development. The beginning wave of using quantitative models during 1960s dual with presenting topics of development and underdevelopment propagated application of these methods in determining development level of regions. The present research is conducted with objective of determining ranking for towns in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. In this research, we determined ranking of mentioned province's towns using descriptive, library, analytic and casual method, Morris statistical approach and 95 indices of development. The result of this research indicates that urban services are distributed imbalanced in towns of the province and this matter resulted in inequality among towns and trend of immigrants to fruited towns. Ranking of the Province towns shows that Boyer Ahmad with 70.19 percentages fruition and Kohgilouye with 62.72 percentages are the most fruited towns among seven towns and Gachsaran with 42.42 and Dena with 15.03 are half-fruited and Behmai, Basht and Choram with 6.53, 2.50 and 0.70 percentages are bereaved towns, respectively.

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Original Article

Estimation of Evaporation and Transpiration of Wheat Plant in Zaraghan Station Using CROPWAT Model

Dariush Rahimi; Samaneh Khademi; Shirin Nadafi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1362-1370

Abstract

  In this research, amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement of wheat plant for Marvdasht town (representation station: Zaraghan) during 17-years statistical duration ...  Read More In this research, amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement of wheat plant for Marvdasht town (representation station: Zaraghan) during 17-years statistical duration from 1989-2005 and properties of plant and soil are calculated using CROPWAT software. At the first, trends of dry and wet periods for mentioned station were determined using long-term average of climatic data (temperature and rainfall). In this town, 8 month from middle of the year is dry period. Hence, complementary irrigation is needed this time and most parts of these areas, which are cultivated as dry farming had to use underground waters inevitably. Decrease in rainfall in recent years intensified this issue and therefore, it resulted in intensive decline in level of underground waters and sinking of plains. Then, real transpiration and evaporation and irrigation requirement of wheat crop in the region is calculated using CROPWAT model. Based on obtained results from irrigation schedule in the station and according to dominance of dryness and humidity lack of soil, two or three complementary irrigation is required to preparing crops for harvest.

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Original Article

Factor Influencing on Participation of Fishermen Member Cooperative in Sustainable Fishing in Golestan Province

Syed Ehsan Hosseini; Gholamreza Din Panah

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1371-1376

Abstract

  The aim of this study was to determine influencing factors on participation of fishermen member cooperative in sustainable fishing in Golestan Province. The methodological approach ...  Read More The aim of this study was to determine influencing factors on participation of fishermen member cooperative in sustainable fishing in Golestan Province. The methodological approach of this study was descriptive- correlative. The research population consisted of 144 fishermen who member cooperative, which were selected using census method. Validity of the instrument was established by a panel of experts consisting of senior faculty members in agricultural extension and education department, and research committee advisors. Reliability analysis was conducted by using and Cronbach alpha formula and result was 88. The results showed that 11.4, 71.2 and 17.4 percent of fishermen expressed their participation in sustainable fishing were moderate, good and very good respectively.  Also variables of effect of extension- education activities, satisfaction of cooperative, social participation and attitude toward sustainable fishing with participation in sustainable fishing had been relationship of positive and significant. The results of the multiple regression analysis (stepwise method) revealed that the variable of effect of extension- education activities explained a variation of 31.7% of the participation in sustainable fishing.

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Original Article

Estimation of Water Requirement, Evaporation and Potential Transpiration of Brassica Napus L Plant in Ahwaz Town Using CROWPWAT Model

Dariush Rahimi; Fariba Salahshour

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1377-1387

Abstract

  In present world, inequality and uncertainty is high in section of agriculture production and food security of a great amount of people in developing countries is not supplied. Based ...  Read More In present world, inequality and uncertainty is high in section of agriculture production and food security of a great amount of people in developing countries is not supplied. Based on studies of international organizations, about a third of produced food for human consumption in worldwide is lost or wasted. While in developing countries, there is price enhancement, decrease in access to healthy food and unhealthy nutrition of a great number of people due to weak infrastructure such as weak in food storage process and package method. Therefore, investment in agriculture sector is too important. We can help to food security by investment in agriculture sector and support and development of education and health in community so all the world can be beneficial. In this research, at the first, ecologic data (temperature and rainfall, sunshine hours, wind speed, relative humidity) are used using a 54 years long term average from 1951-2005 to estimating amount of evaporation and transpiration and water requirement of Brassica napus L for Ahwaz town. Then dry and wet durations were determined for the station. In addition, dry duration in this area, which takes a long from early spring to mid autumn, is accommodated with time of crop growth and its sensitivity to water shortage, hence, complementary irrigation is needed in this time of the year. Then, we calculated real transpiration and evaporation of Brassica napus L crop and water requirement and irrigation of this important crop in studied area using CROPWAT model. For this purpose, ecologic data average (maximum and minimum of temperature, monthly rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity and daily sunshine), crop cultivation pattern (implant date, coefficient amount of each stage of growth days, depth of root, depth of penetration), soil type, total accessible humidity, early humidity of the soil (in percentage from total humidity) and others are inserted in the model. Its results in each stage are presented as graphs and diagrams. Finally, based on these diagrams and graphs, the amount of net irrigation is estimated 2117.4 mm and amount of gross irrigation is estimated 1482.2 mm.

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Original Article

Effect of Topping Height and Timing on Quantity and Quality Influe-Cured Tobacco (Var.K326)

Ramine Mesbah; Reza Mohsenzadeh; Mohammad Reza Seraji

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1388-1395

Abstract

  One of the most important practices in flue-cured tobacco farming is topping and sucker control at the right time. Topping cause's development and root growth, drought tolerance, reduce ...  Read More One of the most important practices in flue-cured tobacco farming is topping and sucker control at the right time. Topping cause's development and root growth, drought tolerance, reduce deployment pests, increased synthesis of nicotine. This study was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 10 treatments in 3 replications over two years (2008-2009) at Tirtash research and education center. Treatments consisted of three phases(button stage, early flowering and full flowering) and three levels of leaf removal (18, 20 and 22) with the control treatment without topping and sucker control.The results of combined analysis showed that there were significant differences between treatments for fresh weight, cured leaf weight, total income, net income, mean price, sugar and nicotine percent (α = 1%). According to results the highest and lowest cured-leaf yield belongs to topping at button stage with 22 leaves with 4546 kg/ha and control with 3054 kg/ha respectively.

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Original Article

Examining the Effect of Dipping Period and Temperature of Hot Water and Packaging Type on Qualitative Traits of Orlando Tangelo Hybrid in Fasa Region

Karamt Rezaei Alsadi; Mahmood Dejam

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1396-1405

Abstract

  The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dipping time and temperature of hot water and type of packaging on qualitative traits of Orlando tangelo variety of tangerine. This ...  Read More The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dipping time and temperature of hot water and type of packaging on qualitative traits of Orlando tangelo variety of tangerine. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three repeats. The treatments consisted of dipping in hot water at seven water levels at 53°C and 58°C each for 1, 2 and 4 minutes. The control treatment consisted of dipping in 20°C water for 2 minutes. Packaging treatment included individual packaging in nylons plastic (LDPE) and group packaging in nylons plastic (LDPE) and not packing the fruits. Such traits as percentage of changes in pH level of fruit juice, total organic acid, total soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C content were evaluated in this experiment. The results showed that such treatments as dipping in hot water and packaging had significant effects on all measured traits. Minimum increase in TSS was observed in the control group (20°C water for 2 minutes). Maximum increase in TSS was observed in dripping the fruit in 53°C water for 1 minute.

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Original Article

The Effect of Vitamin E and Selenium on Cyclophosphamide Detoxification in Hepatic Tissues of Mature Rats

Mojdeh Khanalizadeh; Mahmood Najafian

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1406-1413

Abstract

  Introduction and Objective: liver is an important body organ without which life is impossible. Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent widely used as an anti-cancer (“antineoplastic” ...  Read More Introduction and Objective: liver is an important body organ without which life is impossible. Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent widely used as an anti-cancer (“antineoplastic” or “cytotoxic”) chemotherapy drug. The present study aimed to find a suitable antioxidant and examine the effect of vitamin E and selenium on reducing the side effects of cyclophosphamide on liver as a vital organ. Materials and Methods: in this experiment, 42 mature female rats were divided into 6 groups. The control group did not receive any drug or solvent. The first experimental group received 1 mg / kg-B.W sodium selenite as intraperitoneal injection. The second experimental group received 200 mg / kg-BW 200 vitamin E orally. The third experimental group received 5 mg / kg-BW cyclophosphamide as intraperitoneal injection. The fourth and fifth experimental groups respectively received 5 mg / kg-BW cyclophosphamide as intraperitoneal injection in a daily manner and 1 mg / kg-BW 1 sodium selenite as intraperitoneal injection and 200 mg / kg-BW 200 vitamin E orally for 21 days. The hepatic tissue slides were prepared and examined. Results: the hepatic cells were normal in control group. No difference in hepatic tissue was observed in the first and second experimental groups. Cellular necrosis was observed in the third experimental group. Destruction of hepatocytes in hepatic cells was highly observed in the fourth and fifth experimental groups compared to the third experimental group. Furthermore, congested blood sinusoids and lymphocyte infiltration was less observed in the fourth and fifth experimental groups compared to the third experimental group. Conclusion: Cyclophosphamide cause damage to hepatic tissues with different mechanisms such as production of reactive oxygen species. Vitamin E and sodium selenite relatively reduce negative effects of cyclophosphamide.

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Review Article

The Role of Urban Villages in the Development of Surrounding Villages

Seeyed Ali Sina Bamzar; Hosien Khademi

Volume 2, Issue 4 , April 2014, Pages 1414-1418

Abstract

  From the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. With the advent of the industrial revolution ...  Read More From the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. With the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. One of the most significant problems is Extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical system in most countries. Due to overcrowding in large cities and its related problems and exorbitant costs to build new cities in Iran and failure to success completely, as well as strengthening satellite cities, which in the long run leads to centralization and overpressure on the mother cities, one of the best ideas for decentralization and development in all regions of the country and strengthening a regular urban grid is to create urban villages. From this perspective, the general aim of this research is to elucidate the role of urban villages in rural development.

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